The work during this period brought our efforts to realize a 64-kbit hybrid Josephson-CMOS memory for 4K operation to a successful conclusion. The memory inputs and outputs are at the several-millivolt level. The inputs are first amplified to 60 mV using Suzuki stacks; these signals drive CMOS comparators, the outputs of which are at volt level, as required by the commercially manufactured 65 nm CMOS memory array. Final designs were fabricated and tested. The access time is less than 400 ps and the read power dissipation is less than 10 mW. A side project was performed to evaluate the concept for a novel wholly Josephson memory proposed by a Japanese memory expert. We found that the proposed memory cell has inadequate design margins. We realized the other goal of the project, which was to analyze the factors limiting Josephson memories. Presentations for the Applied Superconductivity Conference (ASC) in October 2012 were prepared and presented. Publications resulted. We also brought together an international group of 30 cryogenic memory researchers in a post-ASC workshop at UC Berkeley for more discussions. And presentations were made at the Superconductive Electronics Conference (ISEC) in July 2013.

关键词：电路；互补型金属氧化物半导体；低温

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Petroleum-based liquid hydrocarbons is exclusively major energy source in the transportation sector. Thus, it is the major CO(sub 2) source which is the associated with greenhouse effect. In the United States alone, petroleum consumption in the transportation sector approaches 13.8 million barrels per day (Mbbl/d). It is corresponding to a release of 0.53 gigatons of carbon per year (GtC/yr), which accounts for approximate 7.6 % of the current global release of CO(sub 2) from all of the fossil fuel usage (7 GtC/yr). For the long term, the conventional petroleum production is predicted to peak in as little as the next 10 years to as high as the next 50 years. Negative environmental consequences, the frequently roaring petroleum prices, increasing petroleum utilization and concerns about competitive supplies of petroleum have driven dramatic interest in producing alternative transportation fuels, such as electricity-based, hydrogen-based and bio-based transportation alternative fuels. Use of either of electricity-based or hydrogen-based alternative energy in the transportation sector is currently laden with technical and economical challenges. The current energy density of commercial batteries is 175 Wh/kg of battery. At a storage pressure of 680 atm, the lower heating value (LHV) of H(sub 2) is 1.32 kWh/liter.

关键词：电池；温室效应；碳氢化合物；可再生能源

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In this report we explore claims that phase conjugation of high energy lasers by stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) can compensate optical aberrations associated with severely distorted laser amplifier media and aberrations induced by the atmosphere. The SBS media tested was a gas cell pressurized up to 300 psi with SF6 or Xe or both. The laser was a 10 Hz, 3J, Q-switched Nd:YAG with 25 ns wide pulses. Atmospheric aberrations were created with space heaters, helium jets and phase plates designed with a Kolmogorov turbulence spectrum characterized by a Fried parameter, ro, ranging from 0.6 6.0 mm. Phase conjugate tests in the laboratory were conducted without amplification. For the strongest aberrations, D/ro approx. 20, created by combining the space heaters with the phase plate, the Strehl ratio was degraded by a factor of approx. 50. Phase conjugation in SF6 restored the peak focusable intensity to about 30% of the original laser. Phase conjugate tests at the outdoor laser range were conducted with laser amplifiers providing gain in combination with the SBS cell. A large 600,000 BTU kerosene space heater was used to create turbulence along the beam path. An atmospheric structure factor of Cn2 = 5x10-13 m2/3 caused the illumination beam to expand to a diameter 250mm and overfill the receiver. The phase conjugate amplified return could successfully be targeted back onto glints 5mm in diameter. Use of a lenslet arrays to lower the peak focusable intensity in the SBS cell failed to produce a useful phase conjugate beam; The Strehl ratio was degraded with multiple random lobes instead of a single focus. I will review literature results which show how multiple beams can be coherently combined by SBS when a confocal reflecting geometry is used to focus the laser in the SBS cell.

关键词：激光；畸变；放大器；光散射

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Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) for fuel system integrity set limits for fuel spillage during and after crashes to reduce the occurrence of deaths and injuries from fire. FMVSS 301 and 303 respectively specify post-crash limits for liquid fuels and compressed natural gas (CNG). These limits have been used as a benchmark for setting leakage limits for hydrogen, based on energy equivalence, in industry standards and proposed or enacted international regulations. However the properties of hydrogen with regard to leak behavior and combustion are very different from those of liquid fuels or CNG. Gasoline will pool and dissipate slowly. CNG and hydrogen will rise and dissipate more rapidly. Hydrogen has a much wider range of flammability in air than most fuels, including CNG: 4% to 75% for hydrogen versus 5% to 15% for CNG. Therefore, a research program was developed and executed to assess the safety of the proposed allowable leak rate for hydrogen, through leak and ignition experiments in and around vehicles and vehicle compartment simulators.

关键词：代用燃料；燃烧；死亡；消防安全；可燃性

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Widespread commercialization of fuel cells has been hindered by economic problems associated with the extensive use of platinum. In order to overcome such difficulties, researchers have so far developed anion-exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs), which do not need expensive platinum catalysts in the electrodes. Our recent focus has been the preparation of new hydroxide (OH)-conducting membranes for applications to "hydrazine-fueled" AEMFCs by the γ-ray pre-irradiation grafting method. Generally, carbon dioxide (CO_2) is dissolved in the AEM, thereby resulting in the transformation from the OH to bicarbonate (HCO_3) ions. We investigated here the effect of CO_2 in the air on the exchange between OH and HCO_3 ions in the AEM.

关键词：燃料电池；电解质材料；化学反应

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The project is devoted to study of the new materials that are characterized with high value of the superconducting transition temperature (potentially up to room temperature). Nanoclusters with shell structure of the electron spectrum have been studied. Prospective objects are magic clusters, clusters with half filled upper zone, some flat molecules and two-dimensional quantum dots. We have studied the possibility of building such nano-based networks transferring a high value of dissipation-free current. The sours of energy dissipation are thermal and quantum fluctuations. The methods of modern quantum field theory were employed. Simultaneously, we searched the solutions of the nonlinear equations of the type of time-dependent Ginzburg- Landau equation and generalized Ginzburg-Landau functional. Main goal was to study the development of singularities of different kinds in such solutions at the finite time and investigation of new class of possible ground states in strong magnetic field, corresponding to Abrikosov lattices with several flux quantum in elementary cell. Results have been published or submitted to journals listed herein, with summaries included.

关键词：集群；临界电流；电子碰撞谱；高温

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The objective of the study was to assess the impact of a Saflex S Series solar control PVB (polyvinyl butyral) windshield on conventional vehicle fuel economy and electric vehicle (EV) range.

关键词：太阳能电池；乙烯聚合物；玻璃；电动汽车

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Our main project objective was to implement Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEV) and charging infrastructure into our electric distribution service territory and help reduce barriers in the process. Our research demonstrated the desire for some to be early adopters of electric vehicles and the effects lack of education plays on others. The response of early adopters was tremendous: with the initial launch of our program we had nearly 60 residential customers interested in taking part in our program. However, our program only allowed for 15 residential participants. Our program provided assistance towards purchasing a PEV and installation of Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE). The residential participants have all come to love their PEVs and are more than enthusiastic about promoting the many benefits of driving electric.

关键词：混合动力；电动汽车；电池充电；推进系统

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In order to improve the efficiency of photovoltaic generation as well as the power quality,grid-connected inverters for PV generation research was carried out for photovoltaic maximum power point tracking.Based on some current studies on the incremental conductance method,an advanced incremental conductance control algorithm was proposed,which can track maximum power point rapidly and accurately.The oscillation phenomenon,which exists near the maximum power point,was improved at a great extent,so to the efficiency of photovoltaic cells generation electricity.The inverter control system has an advantage in its high speed and flexibility by applying advanced control algorithm.And the source harmonic current is remarkably reduced.In addition,the power factor is enhanced and the power quality is improved.Finally,according to the principle of inverter control system and based on the analysis on the mathematical model of photovoltaic inverter,a simulation model of that is established based on MATLAB/SIMULINK.

关键词：光伏发电；并网；逆变器；MPPT

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This paper introduces an algorithm called 3-stage current source sorting (3S-CS) in half-unary weighted current cells to improve the linearity of a current-steering digital-to-analog converter (DAC). We show that based on our statistical analysis and simulation results, the proposed algorithm improves the DAC static linearity as well as its dynamic performance.

关键词：电池改进；线性电流源；电能储存

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