The search for environmentally clean energy sources has spawned a wave of research into the use of carbon nanomaterials for photovoltaic applications. In particular, research using semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes has undergone dramatic transformations due to the availability of high quality samples through colloidal separation techniques. This has led to breakthrough discoveries on how energy and charge transport occurs in these materials and points to applications in energy harvesting. We present a review of the relevant photophysics of carbon nanotubes that dictate processes important for integration as active and passive material elements in thin film photovoltaics. Fundamental processes ranging from light absorption and internal conversion to exciton transport and dissociation are discussed in detail from both a spectroscopic and a device perspective. We also give a perspective on the future of these fascinating materials to be used as active and passive material elements in photovoltaics.

关键词：碳纳米管；充电受体；解离；动态；电极；电子结构

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The current rapid advancement of micro-/nanotechnology has gradually shift its focus from the development of discrete devices to the development of more complex integrated systems that are capable of performing multiple functions, such as sensing,actuating/responding, communicating, and controlling, by the integration of individual devices through state-of-the-art microfabrication technologies. Furthermore, it is highly desired for these multifunctional micro-/nanosystems (MNSs) to operate wirelessly and self-sufficiently without the use of a battery, especially in applications such as remote sensing and implanted electronics. This operation scheme will not only extend the life span and enhance the adaptability of these MNSs while greatly reducing the footprint and cost of the entire system, but it will also increase the adaptability of these MNSs to the environment in which they are deployed. As the dimensions of individual devices shrink, the power consumption decreases accordingly to a reasonably low level, so that energy scavenged directly from the ambient is sufficient to drive the devices. The concept of self-powered nanotechnology was first proposed and developed by the Wang research group at Georgia Institute of Technology, with the aim of building a system that operates by harvesting energy from the ambient vicinity of the system and converting it into usable electrical power for wireless, self-sufficient, and independent operations. A typical self-powered MNS should consist of a low-power microcontroller unit, high-performance data-processing/storage components, a wireless signal transceiver, ultrasensitive sensors based on micro-/nanoelectromechancial systems (MEMSs/NEMSs), and most importantly the embedded powering/energy-storage units.

关键词：电池供电；能量收获；纳米技术；能量转换

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Battery electric vehicles possess great potential for decreasing lifecycle costs in medium-duty applications, a market segment currently dominated by internal combustion technology. Characterized by frequent repetition of similar routes and daily return to a central depot, medium-duty vocations are well positioned to leverage the low operating costs of battery electric vehicles. Unfortunately, the range limitation of commercially available battery electric vehicles acts as a barrier to widespread adoption. This paper describes the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's collaboration with the U.S. Department of Energy and industry partners to analyze the use of small hydrogen fuel-cell stacks to extend the range of battery electric vehicles as a means of improving utility, and presumably, increasing market adoption. This analysis employs real-world vocational data and near-term economic assumptions to (1) identify optimal component configurations for minimizing lifecycle costs, (2) benchmark economic performance relative to both battery electric and conventional powertrains, and (3) understand how the optimal design and its competitiveness change with respect to duty cycle and economic climate. It is found that small fuel-cell power units provide extended range at significantly lower capital and lifecycle costs than additional battery capacity alone. And while fuel-cell range-extended vehicles are not deemed economically competitive with conventional vehicles given present-day economic conditions, this paper identifies potential future scenarios where cost equivalency is achieved.

关键词：电动电池；电动车辆；氢燃料电池；基准

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Hybrids, plug-in hybrids, and battery electrics are conservatively estimated to reach a 5 percent national car park by 2030. Drastic increases in the price of gasoline resulting from oil shocks or major shifts in national energy and environmental policy, however, may push Electric Vehicles (EV) quickly beyond this small share. Should such critical changes occur, EVs will be poised to move beyond their current niche to gain wider scale acceptance and integration into transportation and energy infrastructure. EV battery technology has not improved to the degree needed to achieve the same range mobility as conventionally fueled vehicles. Electric powertrain hybridization and incorporation of regenerative systems such as braking and flywheels are steadily, but only incrementally, improving EV fuel efficiency and range performance. New Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations in the next decade may drive the light-weighting or downsizing of some vehicle categories to achieve more aggressive fuel economy requirements, especially absent a breakthrough in vehicle battery technology. Light-weighting for battery electrics may be critical. Studies indicate that if primary vehicle mass is reduced between 40-59 percent, battery size and cost may be cut by nearly half without reductions in performance.

关键词：燃料电池；电动工具；智能电网

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The intent of the electric Ground Support Equipment (eGSE) demonstration is to evaluate the day-to-day vehicle performance of electric baggage tractors using two advanced battery technologies to demonstrate possible replacements for the flooded lead-acid (FLA) batteries utilized throughout the industry. These advanced battery technologies have the potential to resolve barriers to the widespread adoption of eGSE deployment. Validation testing had not previously been performed within fleet operations to determine if the performance of current advanced batteries is sufficient to withstand the duty cycle of electric baggage tractors. This report summarizes the work performed and data accumulated during this demonstration in an effort to validate the capabilities of advanced battery technologies. This report summarizes the work performed and data accumulated during this demonstration in an effort to validate the capabilities of advanced battery technologies. The demonstration project also grew the relationship with Southwest Airlines (SWA), our demonstration partner at Ontario International Airport (ONT), located in Ontario, California. The results of this study have encouraged a proposal for a future demonstration project with SWA.

关键词：电池材料；先进电池；电动设备

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A number of methods have been developed using remote sensing data to estimate rooftop area suitable for the installation of photovoltaics (PV) at various geospatial resolutions. This report reviews the literature and patents on methods for estimating rooftop-area appropriate for PV, including constant-value methods, manual selection methods, and GIS-based methods. This report also presents NREL's proposed method for estimating suitable rooftop area for PV using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data in conjunction with a GIS model to predict areas with appropriate slope, orientation, and sunlight. NREL's method is validated against solar installation data from New Jersey, Colorado, and California to compare modeled results to actual on-the-ground measurements.

关键词：地理信息系统；空调系统；市场；专利

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This Coastal and Hydraulics Engineering Technical Note (CHETN) demonstrates the flood modeling capabilities of the AutoRoute model. The AutoRoute model has been developed to support the Military Hydrology Program at the Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory (CHL) as part of their mission to determine route vulnerability caused by flooding over large land areas. Through several tests the AutoRoute model showed that it quickly and effectively simulates the flood extent of high flow volumes where adequate Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data is available. The Military Hydrology Program at CHL fields numerous requests for information (RFI) from the military regarding route vulnerability caused by hydrologic factors, such as flooding. Currently, completing these route vulnerability studies includes the use of the AutoRoute model developed by CHL personnel in 2011. The model is computationally efficient and versatile, allowing for large sections of routes to be analyzed in a timely fashion. The model results can also link to existing mobility models to determine the risk that flooding has on the mobility of vehicles. The AutoRoute model is a one-dimensional, raster-based program developed to determine flood extent and stream cross sections efficiently over large areas. The model uses a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and a computed stream mask to determine the location and cross section of each stream cell within the domain. As in most modeling cases, the finer the resolution of the DEM data, the more accurate and defined the results will be. The goal of AutoRoute is to compute the inundated area and spatially explicit depth of inundation for a given flow value. For a given flow Q we wish to derive the flood depth h, flood extent, cross-section profile, cross-section area A, and average flow velocity (V = Q/A). Unlike typical flood models, the AutoRoute model neglects the flow in highly detailed channels.

关键词：计算机程序；洪水；横截面；液压系统

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In the present chapter we aim to overview the synthesis techniques and growth mechanism of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires and their related properties. In particular, here we review both wet and dry synthesis techniques reported in the literature, such as hydrothermal and sol-gel routes, template-assisted growth, electrodeposition process, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), pulsed laser deposition and RF magnetron sputtering. According to each synthesis technique, the chapter reports not only the detailed procedure, but also the advantages and disadvantages, analyzing in particular the properties of ZnO nanowires related to their microstructural and morphological features. The functional properties of ZnO nanostructures are also overviewed with a particular attention to their electrical properties and the related potential applications, exploiting either the semiconductive and piezoelectric behavior of ZnO nanowires. A comprehensive review is here focused on their use as field effect transistor, energy nanogenerators, pH and gas sensors, as well as the use of ZnO nanowires for energy conversion, like photovoltaic cells and water splitting photoelectrochemical cells.

关键词：电池材料；电解质材料；电学性能

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Syntheses of platinum (Pt) nanoparticles have been intensively studied for their application to polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs), in which a sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on a cathode is one of the biggest issues. In this research, Pt nanoparticles were prepared by ion implantation in glassy carbon (GC) substrates for the first time. We expect that ion implantation and the subsequent thermal treatment can achieve efficient growth of the particles leading to high-performance catalysts with less amount of expensive noble metal. This report describes our preparation procedure and morphological properties of the formed Pt particles.

关键词：燃料电池；催化剂；阴极反应

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Electrolytes play a central role in performance and aging in most electrochemical systems. As automotive and grid applications place a higher reliance on electrochemical stored energy, it becomes more urgent to have electrolyte components that enable optimal battery performance while promoting battery safety and longevity. Safety remains a foremost concern for widespread utilization of Li-ion technology in electric-drive vehicles, especially as the focus turns to higher voltage systems (5V). This work capitalizes on the long established INL expertise regarding phosphazene chemistry, aimed at battery-viable compounds for electrolytes and electrodes that are highly tolerant to abusive conditions. This report showcases our 2013 work for the DOE applied battery research (ABR) program, wherein testing results are summarized for INL electrolytes and alternative anode materials.

关键词：衰老；阳极；电化学；电解质；储能

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