The chapter describes research of biomedical applications of experimental polymer devices prepared from polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) with different chemical structure in the Institute of Biophysics SB RAS and Siberian Federal University (Krasnoyarsk, Russia) between 2000 and 2012. The high-purity PHA specimens were investigated and then used to prepare surgical sutures, 2D and 3D dense and porous matrices, microparticles, monofilament fibers, fully resorbable tubular stents, and polymer coatings. The polymer devices that differed in their shape and mass were introduced into muscles, bones, blood vessels, and internal organs in order to investigate the response of tissues with different structure to the implants. The studies showed that PHAs were highly biocompatible with different tissues and their implantation for extended periods of time did not induce adverse responses of the blood system, cells, tissues, or the entire organism. The authors proved that PHAs can be effectively used as prosthetic implants, suture material, bone-replacing implants, and matrices for drug delivery.

关键词：PHA；生物医学研究；手术缝合线

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Carbon-coated magnetite nanoparticles (NPs) were synthetized by the mechanochemical method with hematite as precursor and amorphous carbon as inorganic reductor. After 18 hours of milling in an inert atmosphere, a nanocomposite material of magnetite and carbon was obtained. Structural and magnetic properties of the NPs were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and vibrating sample magnetometry. XRD patterns, refined with the Rietveld method, show that magnetite is present in samples milled from 6 hours onward and that after milling for 18 hours and annealing in Ar, the sample contains a single crystalline phase. Magnetization curves for samples with different milling times show saturation magnetization values that range from 34.1 emu/g after 1 h to 78.0 emu/g after 18 h. Coercive fields are about 500 Oe for all samples. TEM studies reveal that the samples are made of amorphous carbon clusters with magnetite NPs of 20 nm. The obtained NPs, associated to electrochemical transducers, show an improved enhancement of the charge transfer for redox processes involving different bioanalytes. Thus, these NPs offer unique properties as a catalyst in biosensing strategies for the electrochemical detection of high-impact markers and the development of theranostics smart-devices for biomedical applications.

关键词：磁性纳米粒子；过氧化氢；生物医学

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Materials capable of responding to external stimuli including pH, temperature, magnetic and electric field, undergoing conformational changes are considered to be one of the most exciting and emerging classes of advanced materials receiving considerable scientific interest especially in the biomedical field. Stimuli-responsive polymers in the form of micro- or nanofibers have received great attention during the last 10 years and have been exploited in a diverse range of biomedical applications such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, bioseparation and biosensing. One of the most popular and versatile fiber fabrication methods used for the production of fibers is electrospinning. Its simplicity, cost-effectiveness and applicability not only to pristine synthetic and natural polymers but also to composites, enables the development of polymer-based fibrous nanocomposites via the combination of polymers with inorganic nanofillers. Among such nanoadditives, magnetic nanoparticles capable of interacting with an externally applied magnetic field, are particularly attractive owing to their potential biomedical applications including magnetically-triggered drug delivery, magnetic cell seeding, magnetic bioseparation, hypothermia cancer treatment and contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging. In this chapter, an introductory section on electrospinning and on different parameters influencing this process is initially provided. The different fabrication routes for generating electrospun magnetoactive polymer-based (nano)fibrous materials are briefly discussed and finally the applicability of these materials in the biomedical field including tissue engineering, drug delivery, hypethermia treatment and biosensing is reviewed.

关键词：静电磁；复合材料；生物医学

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The development of genome and proteomic technologies is related, first of all, to the progress recently achieved in developing of high-sensitivity, rapid methods for registration and analysis of nucleic acids and proteins. One of such methods, combining high sensitivity and high response speed, is the nanowire (NW) detection technique. This technique allows one to register analyte species in real time without using labels. Nowadays, the concentration sensitivity of such systems in registering proteins and DNAs reaches the femtomolar level. In the present chapter, we consider nanowire sensor systems based on silicon nanowire field-effect transistors. We discuss the achieved potential in detecting low-copy proteins with the help of nanowire systems. We show that it is possible to use not only antibodies, but also aptamers, as probing molecules for biospecific protein detection. We also discuss the possibility of using nanowire detectors in genome studies.

关键词：基因组；蛋白质检测；纳米线传感器

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The book is addressed to beginners in molecular biology, especially to computer scientists who would like to work as bioinformaticians (computational biologists). Bioinformatics, which could be defined as the application of computer science and information technology to the field of biology and medicine, has been rapidly developing over the past few decades. It generates new knowledge as well as the computational tools to create that knowledge. Certainly, understanding of the basic processes in living organisms is indispensable for bioinformaticians in the creation of knowledge. The book contains information about these processes presented in a condensed manner. Additionally, principles of several high-throughput technologies in molecular biology, which need the assistance of bioinformaticians, are explained from a biological point of view. Although some processes observed in living organisms are described here in a more detailed fashion, the book may be treated as an introduction to molecular biology. Thus it could be the first choice for people who are unfamiliar with the subject.

关键词：分子生物学；医药；生物信息学；计算机科学

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This chapter describes the use of different sensor technologies that can identify cells, tissues, microorganisms, and organelles. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) biosensor, whole-cell and cell array biosensors, antibody-immobilized microcantilever (MC) resonators, enzyme-based biosensors and nanoparticles (NPs), aptamers, luminescent biosensors, photonic crystal microcavity biosensors, nanomaterials and biosensors, microwire sensors, and oligoaziridine biosensors are described with applications on living cells or microorganisms. Their principles have been explained along with their mode of action.

关键词：生物传感器；细胞；微生物；组织

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In this thesis we present two novel algorithms that make use of DNA sequencing data in a principled yet practical way. The fi rst method estimates the history of eff ective population sizes of a species using a coalescent hidden Markov model (HMM). Previous coalescent HMMs could only handle a few sequences, since the set of coalescent trees makes the statespace prohibitively large. Our algorithm uses a modifi ed state-space to make inference computationally feasible while still retaining the essential genealogical features of a sample. We apply this algorithm, called diCal, to human data to learn more about major events in human history, such as the out-of-Africa migration. We also provide several extensions to diCal that make the computation faster, more automated, and applicable in a wider variety of scenarios.

关键词：DNA测序；人口基因组；可伸缩算法

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This application focuses on enhancing cancer care by developing non-invasive techniques to determine better biomarkers to improve diagnostic specificity and decrease the number of negative biopsies, and also as markers of response with novel targeted agents such as Trastuzumab and Bevacizumab. Last year, we optimized lactate sequence (SS1-SelMQC) using higher order binomial pulses with better lipid suppression compared to original SS-SelMQC and started working on breast tumors. In this year, we completed data collection of lactate MR spectroscopy data of in vivo breast tumors with different expression levels of ER, PR, HER-2 as a function of Herceptin and Avastin. We completed quantification of 1D spectra and made significant progress in 2D quantification to explain tumor heterogeneity, an important step towards understanding treatment response. Presently, we are working on completing the data analysis of all 2D data analysis simultaneously along with the histological correlation.

关键词：癌;活检;检测;诊断（医学）;肿瘤

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We develop a method using reversible jump MCMC to infer genome-wide variable recombination rates and apply it to data from two Drosophila melanogaster populations. In addition, we describe a particle filtering method to sample genealogies from the posterior distribution.

关键词：基因组；变异； 马尔科夫链蒙特卡罗；序贯重要性采样；粒子滤波

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In living organisms, many processes are executed through tightly regulated networks of multi-component macromolecular complexes. Knowledge of structure and dynamics of such assemblies is essential to understanding their biological mechanisms. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy is a prime method for studying macromolecular assemblies, at atomic-level resolution, particularly in systems that are insoluble and lack long-range order. In this report, we review the contemporary magic-angle-spinning (MAS) NMR methods for investigation of proteins assemblies. We describe the progress in multidimensional correlation spectroscopy, recoupling, and decoupling techniques. We discuss emerging methods for recording spectra at MAS frequencies of 40 kHz and faster. We review techniques for sensitivity enhancement and fast data collection. We address isotopic labelling approaches to alleviate spectral congestion, facilitate assignments, and highlight specific intra- and intermolecular interactions. Finally, we present recent case studies on exciting and challenging systems, including assemblies of bacterio-phages and HIV-1 proteins, cytoskeleton-associated proteins, gas vesicles, type Ⅲ secretion system, and protein-RNA complexes.

关键词：蛋白质总成;固态核磁共振;魔角旋转;化学位移各向异性重新挂钩;偶极重新挂钩

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