In 1911, H.K. Onnes — a Dutch physicist — discovered superconductivity. The physicist discovered superconductivity by cooling mercury metal to extremely low temperature and observing that the metal exhibited zero resistance to electric current. Before 1973, many other metals and metal alloys were observed to behave as superconductors at temperatures below -250°C. These materials are known as low temperature superconductor (LTS) materials. Since the 1960s, niobium-titanium (Ni-Ti) alloy has been the material of choice for commercial superconducting magnets.

A document scanner converts content on the paper in a digital format that can be stored on PCs or cloud. Document scanners are used in homes and offices due to their versatility, reliability, and ease of use. For businesses going digital, these specific units help save crucial office real estate and capital costs while taking care of employees’ need for peripherals to improve productivity.

Analog X-ray systems: Analog X-ray systems consist of three major components: intensifying screen, X-ray film, and light-proof housing (or cassette). The analog system performs the qualitative and diagnostic assessment of an image by using negatoscopes, which define parameters according to appropriate lighting conditions such as "No more than 50 lux" and the luminance of emitted light.

The automotive industry is witnessing structural changes since the past decade in the form of engine downsizing, electrification of automotive mechanism, emission regulations, connectivity, and safety. The industry is directly correlated with the economic environment and consumer confidence. The industry had witnessed a downfall during the 2008 sub-prime crisis with automotive sales plummeting along with the major North American OEMs facing financial troubles. During 2010-2012, the industry recovered from the sub-prime crisis with automotive sales reaching to prerecession levels in North America.

The interest of original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) in modifying the instrument cluster to enhance user experience, offer more useful information, and at the same time improve the aesthetics of the vehicle have collectively lead to several innovative versions of the instrument cluster. Electronic instrument clusters have been in the market as early as the 1970s. However, the recent trend skewing from analog to digital systems is paving a conducive technological environment to enable reconfiguration of instrument clusters. In line with this, OEMs are commercializing the same in several vehicle variants (not confining to high-end cars). It is for this reason that the instrument clusters that bear a thin film transistor-liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) screen as display (as can be reconfigured) can be referred to as automotive reconfigurable instrument cluster.

Several structural changes have affected the automotive industry since the past decade in the form of engine downsizing, electrification of automotive mechanism, emission regulations, connectivity, and safety. The industry is directly correlated with the economic and regulatory environment and consumer confidence.

The automotive wiper blade system forms a fundamental part of any kind of automobile. Although the system comes as a standard fitment with every vehicle, it was invented many years after the invention of automobiles. An American woman named Mary Anderson from Alabama is believed to have invented the equipment. The idea struck her while she was travelling to New York city, US, during winters in a trolley car and noticed that the driver had limited visibility due to frost formation on the windshield.

An automotive cylinder head is the end cover in an internal combustion engine. It is used against the piston, which compresses the cylinder's contents. In an internal combustion engine, the cylinder head sits above the cylinders on top of the cylinder block. It closes the top of the cylinder, which forms the combustion chamber. This joint is sealed by a head gasket. In most engines, the head also allows air and fuel to be fed into and out of the cylinder. The head can also be used to mount valves, spark plugs, and fuel injectors. A cylinder head needs to be robust to withstand high pressure and temperature, while retaining its shape and form to seal the cylinder block through the head gasket.

The braking system forms a fundamental part of the vehicle along with the engine, powertrain, and vehicle body. Started as a mechanical device in the vehicle, the system aids in slowing or stopping the vehicle by means of friction. Since the invention of commercially viable automobiles in the late 1920s, technological advances have evolved the vehicle into a much safer, comfortable, and eco-friendly experience. Vehicles have now become more than just a means of transportation. Innovations and developments have made vehicles more powerful and intelligent with the rapid adoption of electronics that can self-learn to adapt with real-time driving situations. Automobiles of toady boast of more electronics than mechanical parts and components with an average hatchback consisting of over 35%-40% electronic components in 2015 and we expect this to rise to over 60% by 2020. With rapid acceleration in technological development, the automotive braking industry is experiencing a gradual shift from mechanical to hydraulic braking, which is now rapidly shifting to electronically-controlled braking systems.