These events are designed to (1) enhance public awareness of the airport; (2) stimulate interest in and growth of the airport and aviation; (3) foster community support; (4) provide community benefits; and (5) possibly generate revenue for the airport or community/ charitable organization. Aeronautical special events include air shows, fly-ins, airport open houses (if aircraft are on display), aircraft static display, EAA Young Eagles or Eagle Flight events, or community appreciation events involving aircraft. Nonaeronautical events, such as car shows, 5K or 10K runs, concerts, terminal dedications, or pancake breakfasts with no fly-in component, have similar requirements for planning and organizing; however, only aeronautical events and the unique considerations involved are addressed in this report. Although these events can provide tremendous benefits for the airport and the local community, they require extensive planning, frequently commencing a year or more in advance of the event.

关键词：机场,航空,飞机,航空;社区;管理计划和控制

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Intrahousehold interactions in travel are fundamental to an understanding of activity travel behavior, as reflected by the substantial percentage of regional travel that is made jointly. The development of travel demand models that incorporate intrahousehold interactions is crucial to a credible analysis of traveler response to policies. A tour-based modeling framework is used to examine intrahousehold interactions in travel mode choice with a focus on public transport use in households having differences in car availability. An important distinction is made between car-sufficient households (in which there are at least as many cars in the household as license holders) and car-negotiating households (households that have fewer cars than license holders). Intrahousehold interactions and temporal-spatial constraints are explicitly represented by different patterns of joint household tours, with home-based tours as the unit of analysis. The empirical analysis is based on a nested logit model that was developed to integrate intrahousehold interactions with tour-based mode choices; Sydney Household Travel Survey data are used. The results show that joint household travel accounts for more than half of weekday home-based tours in Sydney, Australia. The arrangement of joint household tours is shown to depend on household context, situational factors, and social constraints. Mode choice associated with different joint tour patterns is influenced by household and individual characteristics, tour attributes, and transport-related fringe benefits.

关键词：汽车；旅游；交通；模型

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关键词：电商；旅游；市场空间

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As carsharing becomes increasingly popular throughout the world, it would be of interest to understand better the underlying characteristics of the trips made by members when they use the cars. To date, few studies have reported carsharing trip details. This paper presents a methodology to analyze three components of a station-based carsharing member's journey: the locations of the stops, the attributes of the trips, and the characteristics of the trip chains. The method is based on the processing of Global Positioning System traces collected onboard car-sharing vehicles; a 5-min stop criterion is used to divide the trip chains into separate trips. The case study involves the Communauto system in the Greater Montreal area, Quebec, Canada. The study shows that carsharing members make more trips within their trip chains than typical car owners do. However, those trips are shorter and are often made for purposes other than work (shopping or visiting, for example). Members tend to maximize the use of the cars during the rental period (the members are on the move up to 50of the time for short trip chains and 30of the time for longer trips).

关键词：交通；汽车；合伙用车；行为研究

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Carsharing organizations (carshares) provide collectively available vehicles that can be booked for exclusive use on a pay-as-you-go basis. Previous research has shown that two groups join carshares: (a) acces-sors, who do not have a car when they join the carshare and therefore gain access to one, and (b) shedders, who give up a car when they join the carshare. The paper examines the circumstances and motivations that cause accessors and shedders to join a carshare, the changes in their travel behavior in the short and longer run, and how the travel behavior might have changed if the carshare had not been joined. These objectives were achieved through in-depth interviews with 16 members of a carshare in Bath, United Kingdom. The interviewed members were selected to achieve a mix of accessors, shedders, recent members, and longstanding members. It was found that carshare attracted people who were already contemplating giving up their cars or who had been triggered by life events to consider giving up their cars. Joining a car-share prevented the acquisition of cars for some members, but some subsequently took opportunities to acquire a car as their circumstances changed. Once shedders became members, they adapted to managing without a personal car, used a variety of transport modes, planned their activity-travel schedules in advance, and took into account the costs and convenience of different options. The increasing popularity of new mobility options, such as carsharing, also has implications for the methods used to analyze and model travel behavior. The option of joining a carshare and using carshare vehicles should be included in transport models for areas in which carshares operate.

关键词：汽车；交通；旅游；合伙用车；行为影响

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关键词：万达；旅游；产业链

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Recent studies have indicated that the accuracy of the emissions estimation in a traffic simulation model can be little improved by using the traditional model calibration approaches. Instead, the model's internal mechanism in depicting the second-by-second vehicle activities needs to be investigated. Since the car-following model is the core component of a traffic simulation model, this paper attempts to conduct a comparative study of car-following models concerning their effects on the explanatory parameter of vehicle emissions, namely, the vehicle specific power (VSP) distribution. The car-following models selected for the analysis are the optimal velocity model (OVM), generalized force model (GFM), full velocity difference model (FVDM), Wiedemann model, and the Fritzsche model. Massive field car-following trajectories are collected, and a numerical simulation method is designed for each car-following model to generate its vehicle trajectories and the speed-specific VSP distributions. By a comparison of VSP distributions collected from the field and generated by car-following models, it was found that OVMs and GFMs generate unrealistic VSP distributions, which will lead to significant emissions estimation errors. By adding the variable of positive velocity difference, the FVDM can effectively improve the accuracy of the VSP distribution and emissions estimation. The VSP distribution of the Wiedemann model differs largely from the field data, which overestimate the peak VSP fraction and the fractions in aggressive driving modes. The Fritzsche model produces VSP distributions consistent with the field distributions. It is also found that the speed-specific VSP distribution is highly correlated with the acceleration distribution. Therefore, improving the accuracy of the speed-specific acceleration distribution is an effective measure to improve the accuracy of the VSP distribution and thus the emissions estimation of the car-following models.

关键词：车辆；碳排放；交通仿真模型；环境监测

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This study examines the travel behaviour and attitudes of recently resettled refugees in Chittenden County, Vermont, with particular attention to distinctions based on gender and age. It is based on an earlier project conducted between 2008-2012 that examined transportation practices amongst recently arrived refugees in Vermont as a generalized group. One of the findings from that initial study was that more in-depth research was necessary in order to understand the ways in which mobility and access to transportation impact specific parts of the refugee population, especially women, children and the elderly. Drawing on qualitative research methods using techniques such as interviews, focus groups, and surveys, this current study examines what kinds of possibilities and various exist to full mobility for these sub sets of the refugee population. In addition one of the key goals of this project was to examine what particular mode choices were favored by refugees both within the larger community but also within these subgroups of the population. The study found that there are indeed some significant differences based on age and gender of travel patterns, choices and options for men, women and seniors in the newly resettled refugee communities. In particular while both women and the elderly within refugee families often had nominal access to a car, very few had driver's licenses and most described a dynamic where male family members were the primary (or only) drivers. Women and the elderly also showed greater levels of willingness to embrace alternative modes of travel, especially walking and using transit than the general male refugee population. However, both groups echoed the sense within the refugee community as a whole that private vehicle ownership was an important component of a successful acculturation experience. They explained this due to the greater levels of independence, flexibility, and self-sufficiency that cars provided in their lives.

关键词：交通模式;司机行为;访问;年龄;社区;性别;流动性;人口;研究方法;调查;交通系统;佛蒙特州

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The overall goal of this project is to enhance the fundamental understanding of Florida long-distance travel characteristics, and to provide policy implications for long-distance transportation planning in the future. To achieve the research goal, this study first conducts a descriptive analysis of long-distance travel with special emphasis on the modes used, distance traveled, and origins and destinations. Then, this study estimates mode choice models for long-distance travel that are sensitive to alternative specific attributes and traveler characteristics. It is important to have appropriate models that are able to provide accurate predictions of travelers mode choice behavior that consider how people choose one mode or another. The descriptive analysis shows that nearly 90 percent of trips are made by personal passenger cars, and most are on I-4, I-95, and Turnpike corridors that connect the Tampa, Orlando, and Miami/Fort Lauderdale urbanized areas as defined by Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). Among MSAs in Florida, Orlando is the hub for long-distance travel. The estimated model shows that both travel time and travel cost decrease car users utility, indicating that people will have a greater chance to shift to other modes as travel time and travel costs increase. In contrast, air travel has a positive sign for travel time, and a negative sign for travel cost, while bus has a negative coefficient for travel time and a positive sign for travel cost. Positive signs of these estimated parameters may imply that air travelers and bus users are willing to increase travel time and travel cost, respectively.

关键词：旅行时间;交通系统;佛罗里达航空运输;汽车;成本

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This document contains 10 papers that address parking patrol surveys; smart parking systems; parking at sporting event stadiums; parking utilization in neighborhood shopping centers on transit routes; and cost-effectiveness of traffic and demand management measures. This TRR also examines dynamic ridesharing systems; dynamic vehicle allocation for carsharing systems; travel behavior of carsharing members; residential on-site carsharing and off-street parking in the San Francisco Bay Area; and the effect of carshares on travel behavior.

关键词：通勤交通;停车;旅行分享;旅游需求

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