This Synthesis studys objective is to provide airport operators with data and experience from SMS pilot study airports through survey results, lessons learned, and general findings and trends. The proposed audience is U.S. Part 139 certificated airport operators; however, while intended for Part 139 airports, the results gathered in this Synthesis of Practice may be helpful to all airports. The study approach focused on completing a literature review of current SMS industry documentation and conducting interviews with SMS pilot study airport representatives and consultants. Sources for the literature review included FAA, ICAO, the Government Accountability Office, various ACRP resources, Transport Canada, the Australian Governments Civil Aviation Safety Authority, and academic and industry references relating to SMS. The SMS pilot study interviews consisted of on-site or telephone discussions ranging from 30 to 90 min using a 36-question survey tool to address all aspects of the four SMS pilot studies, including program logistics, planning, staffing, and SMS integration and implementation. Of the 31 participating SMS pilot study airports, 26 airport operators respondedan 84response rate. Airports participants were represented from each of the four studies and from Class I, II, and IV airports (no Class III airports participated in the survey). Throughout this Synthesis study report, de-identified data and findings are presented by airport class to address differences in operational scale and staffing. Definitions of class size are presented in the Glossary of Terms and Acronyms.

关键词：电子信息；安全管理系统（SMS）；经验

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Once fully implemented, SMS is an operational system. However, there is a significant amount of planning and activity required to bring SMS from inception to normal operations. Program management is the set of structures, tools, activities, and personnel that is employed by airports to realize a fully functional and operational SMS.

关键词：电子信息；安全管理系统（SMS）；操作系统；项目管理

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The ACRP Guidebook defines safety policy as, "the fundamental approach to managing safety that is to be adopted within an organization. Safety policy further defines the organization's commitment to safety and overall safety vision" (Ayers et al. 2009). The FAA states that "Safety Policy provides the foundation or framework for the SMS. It outlines the methods and tools for achieving desired safety outcomes. Safety Policy also details management's responsibility and accountability for safety" (FAA 2010).

关键词：电子信息；安全管理；系统；政策

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Safety Promotion includes processes and procedures used to create an environment where safety objectives can be achieved. Safety promotion is essential to create an organization's positive safety culture. Safety culture is characterized by knowledge and understanding of an organization's SMS, effective communications, competency in job responsibilities, ongoing training, and information sharing. Safety Promotion elements include training programs, communication of critical safety issues, and confidential reporting systems (FA A 2010).

关键词：电子信息；安全管理系统（SMS）；安全文化；促进

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At the core of SMS is the component relating to safety risk management. The ICAO defines SRM as "... a generic term that encompasses the assessment and mitigation of the safety risks of the consequences of hazards that threaten the capabilities of an organization, to a level as low as reasonably practicable. The objective of Safety Risk Management is to provide the foundations for a balanced allocation of resources between all assessed safety risks and those safety risks the control and mitigation of which is viable" (ICAO 2009). The FAA currently defines SRM as "the composite of the likelihood (i.e., risk) of the potential effect of a hazard, and predicted severity of that effect. As an example, the possibility of an overshoot by an aircraft landing on an icy runway would be considered a safety risk of the hazard. The hazard is "icy runway" and the risk is "possibility of an overshoot" (FAA 2007).

关键词：电子信息；安全管理系统（SMS）；风险

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FAA states in its NPRM, "Safety Assurance is a set of processes that monitor the organization's performance in meeting its current safety standards and objectives as well as contribute to continuous safety improvement." Safety assurance essentially serves as a checks-and-balances system to ensure that SMS processes and procedures and risk mitigation strategies are having their intended effect (FAA 2010). ICAO states, Assurance can simply be defined as "something that gives confidence." The Safety Risk Management process in the SMS starts with the organization obtaining a good understanding of its operational processes and the environments in which it operates; progresses through hazard identification, safety risk assessment and safety risk mitigation, and culminates in development and implementation of appropriate safety risk controls (ICAO 2009).

关键词：电子信息；安全管理系统（SMS）；系统；保证

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Crowdsourced labor has successfully tackled a variety of rote tasks like image tagging and transcription, but has difficulty accomplishing complex tasks. Visual design critique is a crucial part of the design process for improving upon existing work, but it is a complex task that requires some implicit knowledge of design concepts on the part of the critiquer. In this report, we propose a model for crowdsourcing visual design critique to enable online workers who lack background knowledge to provide useful feedback on designs. Our model organizes the “crit” around a set of design principles, and asks workers to select relevant statements about design principles and provide freeform comments within the scope of the selected statements. We
evaluate two variants of a critiquing system we built based on this model (CrowdCritter) through a study with 73 participants. We found that the integration of a set of design principles allowed novice workers to provide more critiques than freeform feedback alone. We were unable to identify significant differences between the two variants of CrowdCritter in the quality and level of agreement of critiques produced through each interface.

关键词：众包劳动力；视觉设计批判；接口

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Big Data is currently a big topic in the world. It is a commonly used term to describe data that exceeds the processing capacity of on hand database management tools. We often use 4V (Volume, Variety, Velocity and Value) to describe its characteristics. Big Data can be structured or unstructured data that has potential values behind them. It is of vital importance to extract and analysis the valuable information in Big Data.On the other hand, Linked Data is a new concept for most of the people. Linked Data refers to the collection of interrelated datasets that can be publishing and sharing on the web. Unlike Big Data, Linked Data is highly structured. It is used to build the Semantic Web which huge amount of data on the web are available in standard format. The technologies enable people to figure out more advanced analytical questions by querying the data and drawing inferences using vocabularies.

关键词：大数据；链接数据；专利数据；高度结构化；语义网

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Our capstone project is to build a mobile application on the Android platform that generates a house floor plan overlaid with Wi-Fi strength map. Right now in the market, there are plenty of mobile apps about measuring the floor plan or the WiFi signal strength, but there has not been an app that combines those two features. Since Wi-Fi is becoming the de facto standard for in-home wireless connectivity between devices inside the home, our industry partner, Qualcomm, thought this could be a great feature to be added to the floor plan app.

关键词：Wi-Fi强度；房子平面图；合作；安卓平台；移动应用

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This dissertation addresses some of these issues：We begin with an active learning strategy for spectral clustering when the cost of assessing individual similarities is substantial or prohibitive.Next, we consider active learning in Bayesian models.Our third contribution looks at the e ects of randomized subsampling on Gaussian process models that make predictions about outliers and rare events. Finally, we turn to a theoretical evaluation of randomized subsampling for the purpose of inferring rankings of objects.

关键词：二次取样；贝叶斯模型；随机取样

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