Denmark represents a mature medical device market with above average per capita spending. The market is being constrained by stagnating economic growth, which is increasing pressure to scale back the country's generous welfare system. As such the market is only expected to show low growth with a US dollar CAGR of 1.9% forecast for the 2013-2018 period. Local production is focused on consumables and patient aids, primarily hearing aids, leaving the majority of the market heavily dependent on imports.

关键词：丹麦；医疗器械；竞争前景

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The definition of a medical device, as reported by Council Directive 93/42/EEC and subsequent amendments and additions, and the definition of medicinal products covered by the amended Directive 2001/83/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, highlight how these types of products can have a therapeutic effect on humans. It is possible to identify the applicable Community legislation taking into account the main mechanism of action by which the products ensure the activity that determines the therapeutic effect. In the case of a medicinal product the mechanism of action should be pharmacological, immunological or metabolic, while for a medical device the main mechanism of action should not be the same, but it may be assisted by the above mentioned mechanisms. Evaluation of some elements, which help to define what is meant by pharmacological, immunologic and metabolic mechanism of action, is a criterion of discernment for the correct regulatory position of products that have a therapeutic effect on humans.

关键词：医疗设备;药物;评估;边缘产品;指令;欧洲;评价;立法;法规;治疗;药用产品

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Nanomedicine is a relatively new field of science and technology. By interacting with biomolecules, therefore at nanoscale, nanotechnology opens up a vast field of research and application. Current and potential applications of nanotechnology in medicine range from research involving diagnostic devices, drug delivery vehicles to enhanced gene therapy and tissue engineering procedures. Its advantage over conventional medicine lies on its size. Operating at nanoscale allows to exploit physical properties different from those observed at microscale such as the volume/surface ratio. This allows drugs of nanosize be used in lower concentration and has an earlier onset of therapeutic action. It also provides materials for controlled drug delivery by directing carriers to a specific location. Inorganic nanomedicine is likely to remain one of the most prolific fields of nanomedicine, which refers to the use of inorganic or hybrid (inorganic-inorganic or inorganic-organic) nanomaterials (ESfMs) and nanoparticles (INPs) to achieve innovative medical advances for body parts implantation, drug and gene discovery and delivery, discovery of biomarkers, and molecular diagnostics. Among the most promising INMs being developed are metal, silica, dendrimers, organic-inorganic hybrids, ceramics (e.g. ZrO_2, TiO_2, Al_2O_3, etc.) and bioinorganic hybrids. Metal NP contrast agents enhance magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound results in biomedical applications of in vivo imaging. Hollow and porous INMs have been exploited for drug and gene delivery, diagnostic imaging, and photothermal therapy. Biomolecular inorganic nanohybrids and nanostructured biomaterials have been exploited for targeted imaging and therapy, drug and gene delivery, and regenerative medicine. Potential uses for fluorescent quantum dots (QDs) include cell labeling, biosensing, in vivo imaging, bimodal magnetic-luminescent imaging, and diagnostics. Biocompatible QD conjugates have been used successfully for sentinel lymph node mapping, tumor targeting, tumor angiogenesis imaging, and metastasis cell tracking. This article outlines present developments and future prospects for the use of Ti-based NPs and NMs in experimental in vivo and in vitro studies and in engineering nanodevices and biosensors for clinical and investigative use in diagnosis and therapy in diverse fields of medical sciences, such as oncology, infection control, orthopedics, dentistry, dermatology, genetics, cardiology, ophthalmology, etc. Toxicological considerations of these INPs and INMs are also discussed.

关键词：纳米技术;无机纳米钛(Ti),二氧化钛(TiO_2);无机NPs(输入)

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The Argentine medical device market ranks sixth in Latin America. Espicom forecasts a low 2013-2018 CAGR of 4.8% in US dollar terms, affected by the projected depreciation of the local currency. Medical device imports are very high, although a relatively large domestic medical device sector is operational.

关键词：阿根廷；医疗器械；市场前景

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本文旨在探讨新形势下发展智能制造装备产业的政策措施。首先阐述了智能制造和智能制造装备的内涵，明确了智能制造装备是智能制造的核心这一观点；其次总结和归纳了我国智能制造装备产业目前取得的积极进展情况；然后分析出智能制造装备产业目前存在的问题和面临的形势；据此提出加快发展智能制造装备产业的建议。

关键词：装备工业；智能制造；存在问题；面临形势；发展建议

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Nuclear SGs are used to transfer the heat generated from the primary loop to the secondary loop. Piping systems, which have very high pressure and temperature, contain coolants and are called primary loops. A secondary loop consists of a separate piping system where water is converted into steam to rotate the turbines. The water that goes through the primary loop never mixes with the water from the secondary loop. The SG is linked between the primary loop and the secondary loop to generate electricity from the NPP.

关键词：核动力蒸汽发生器；SG；动力学

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据统计，国内工业机器人市场规模去年已达到80亿元，增长30%以上。有专家预测，未来几年，随着我国制造业特别是电子器械、精密仪器、汽车及汽车零部件制造业的发展，工业机器人的装配量将快速增长。加之工业机器人应用领域正逐渐向电子信息产业以及建筑、采矿等领域延伸，预计未来3年至5年工业机器人年均增速有望达到25%左右。

关键词：工业机器人；发展综述；市场环境；影响分析；市场运行现状；产业基础分析

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Automated material handling is the automation that eliminates the need for manual labor to sort, organize, retrieve, and move materials from one place to another. It provides an efficient, accurate, and cost-effective method for the easy and swift movement of goods across an organization. Automated material handling equipment optimizes and speeds processes for manufacturers. Automated material handling equipment such as AGVs, AS/RSs, conveyor systems, palletization, sortation systems, and software and services are also being adopted by industries such as Automotive, Mining, F&B, Hospitals, Medical, and e-Commerce.

关键词：自动物料搬运设备；市场导向；产品细分；托盘化运输

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The Peruvian medical device market is the second smallest in the Americas region but is projected to register an above average 2013-2018 CAGR in the region. Per capita medical device expenditure is low, which indicates potential for growth. Lima remains the most attractive area in the private sector, as the urban population has more disposable income to spend on medical devices.

关键词：秘鲁；医疗器械；竞争前景

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Laparoscopy is a minimally-invasive surgical procedure performed with the assistance of a video camera and several thin instruments. The devices used for laparoscopic surgery are called laparoscopic devices. Less postoperative discomfort, quicker recovery, shorter hospital stays, smaller external scars, and smaller internal scars are the benefits of laparoscopic procedures. Laparoscopy is performed for surgeries related to the pancreas, liver, colon, bile duct, and others.

关键词：腹腔镜设备；套管针市场；购买准则；地理细分化

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