In 1997, the first two United States Department of Energy (US DOE) high level waste tanks (Tanks 17-F and 20-F: Type IV, single shell tanks) were taken out of service (permanently closed) at the Savannah River Site (SRS). In 2012, the DOE plans to remove from service two additional Savannah River Site (SRS) Type IV high-level waste tanks, Tanks 18-F and 19-F. These tanks were constructed in the late 1950s and received low-heat waste and do not contain cooling coils. Operational closure of Tanks 18-F and 19-F is intended to be consistent with the applicable requirements of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and will be performed in accordance with South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (SCDHEC). The closure will physically stabilize two 4.92E+04 cubic meter (1.3 E+06 gallon) carbon steel tanks and isolate and stabilize any residual contaminants left in the tanks. The closure will also fill, physically stabilize and isolate ancillary equipment abandoned in the tanks. A Performance Assessment (PA) has been developed to assess the long-term fate and transport of residual contamination in the environment resulting from the operational closure of the F-Area Tank Farm (FTF) waste tanks.

关键词：钢铁；放射性废物贮存罐；水泥；灌浆

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Pyrotechnic smoke compositions for visual obscuration containing boron carbide, potassium nitrate, potassium chloride, and various lubricants are described. Only the waxy lubricants stearic acid and calcium stearate slowed the burning rate into a range suitable for end-burning smoke grenades. For compositions pressed into steel cans, the addition of just 2 wt percent calcium stearate was shown to reduce the burning rate from 0.50 cm/s to 0.09 cm/s. In this system, potassium chloride serves as a diluent that reduces incandesence but also increases slag formation. Compositions containing potassium chloride in the 25-30 wt percent range exhibited both acceptably low incandescense and slag formation upon burning, while also producing copious amounts of white smoke. These experimental compositions were loaded into full-size grenade cans; field and smoke chamber testing revealed that they outperform the US Army s in- service M83 TA grenade both qualitatively and quantitatively. The photopic mass- based figures of merit for experimental grenades KCl-25, KCl-30, and a production-run M83 TA grenade were 2.51, 2.19, and 1.44 m2/g, respectively.

关键词：钢铁;碳化硼;氯化钾;烟雾弹药

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Vibration analyses of equipment intended for use in the Savannah River Site (SRS) radioactive liquid waste storage tanks are performed during pre-deployment testing and has been demonstrated to be effective in reducing the life-cycle costs of the equipment. Benefits of using vibration analysis to identify rotating machinery problems prior to deployment in radioactive service will be presented in this paper. Problems encountered at SRS and actions to correct or lessen the severity of the problem are discussed. In short, multi-million dollar cost saving have been realized at SRS as a direct result of vibration analysis on existing equipment. Vibration analysis of equipment prior to installation can potentially reduce inservice failures, and increases reliability. High-level radioactive waste is currently stored in underground carbon steel waste tanks at the United States Department of Energy (DOE) Savannah River Site and at the Hanford Site, WA. Various types of rotating machinery (pumps and separations equipment) are used to manage and retrieve the tank contents. Installation, maintenance, and repair of these pumps and other equipment are expensive. In fact, costs to remove and replace a single pump can be as high as a half million dollars due to requirements for radioactive containment. Problems that lead to in-service maintenance and/or equipment replacement can quickly exceed the initial investment, increase radiological exposure, generate additional waste, and risk contamination of personnel and the work environment. Several different types of equipment are considered in this paper, but pumps provide an initial example for the use of vibration analysis.

关键词：钢铁；高放废物；放射性废物管理；储罐；碳钢

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Aqueous radioactive wastes from Savannah River Site (SRS) separations and vitrification processes are contained in large underground carbon steel tanks. Inspections made during 2011 to evaluate these vessels and other waste handling facilities along with evaluations based on data from previous inspections are the subject of this report. The 2011 inspection program revealed that the structural integrity and waste confinement capability of the Savannah River Site waste tanks were maintained. All inspections scheduled per SRR-LWE-2011-00026, HLW Tank Farm Inspection Plan for 2011, were completed. Ultrasonic measurements (UT) performed in 2011 met the requirements of C-ESR-G-00006, In-Service Inspection Program for High Level Waste Tanks, Rev. 3, and WSRC-TR-2002-00061, Rev.6. UT inspections were performed on Tanks 25, 26 and 34 and the findings are documented in SRNL-STI-2011-00495, Tank Inspection NDE Results for Fiscal Year 2011, Waste Tanks 25, 26, 34 and 41. A total of 5813 photographs were made and 835 visual and video inspections were performed during 2011. A potential leaksite was discovered at Tank 4 during routine annual inspections performed in 2011. The new crack, which is above the allowable fill level, resulted in no release to the environment or tank annulus. The location of the crack is documented in C-ESR-G-00003, SRS High Level Waste Tank Leaksite Information, Rev.6.

关键词：钢铁；放射性废物；坦克；碳素钢

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This experiment examined the effect of accelerated corrosion testing and immersion testing on 13-mm-grade 10.9 bolts. A matrix containing chemical agent resistant coating (CARC) and bare Al 5059, as well as Rolled Homogeneous Armor (RHA) steel plates with CARC that are each bolted together with one bolt of each pretreatment system were subjected to GM9540P in an attempt to evaluate the corrosion prevention properties of each selected coating and pretreatment while simulating the practical applications of bolt-on armor. Five candidate finishes (zinc plating in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM)-B 633 with hexavalent chromium conversion coating as control were tested in replicate sets of assemblies. In the immersion phase of testing, each bath was heated to 75 F, and the salt solution was agitated in order to prevent stagnation and ensure equal heating. Testing was completed over 500 h, with visual and potential inspections at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 h, and every subsequent 24 h thereafter. Accelerated corrosion testing was programmed for 120 cycles GM9540 with inspection for corrosion creep at 20 cycle intervals. Corrosion creep in this experiment was defined visually as frosting for the onset of corrosion and red rust in the percentage of the fastener affected yielding separate observations. Each of the pretreatments are assessed and compared in terms of corrosion inhibition.

关键词：钢铁；螺栓；涂料；腐蚀；紧固件

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The high operating temperature of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) provides good fuel flexibility which expands potential applications, but also creates materials challenges. One such challenge is the interconnect material, which was the focus of this project. In particular, the objective of the project was to understand the interaction between the interconnect alloy and ceramic coatings which are needed to minimize chromium volatilization and the associated chromium poisoning of the SOFC cathode. This project focused on coatings based on manganese cobalt oxide spinel phases (Mn,Co)3O4, which have been shown to be effective as coatings for ferritic stainless steel alloys. Analysis of diffusion couples was used to develop a model to describe the interaction between (Mn,Co)3O4 and Cr2O3 in which a two-layer reaction zone is formed. Both layers form the spinel structure, but the concentration gradients at the interface appear like a two-phase boundary suggesting that a miscibility gap is present in the spinel solid solution. A high-chromium spinel layer forms in contact with Cr2O3 and grows by diffusion of manganese and cobalt from the coating material to the Cr2O3. The effect of coating composition, including the addition of dopants, was evaluated and indicated that the reaction rate could be decreased with additions of iron, titanium, nickel and copper.

关键词：钢铁；固体氧化物燃料电池；涂料；合金；陶瓷涂层

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Small batches of two oxide powders falling in the particle size range of about 30-230 μm were received from industrial sources and were electroless nickel (EN) coated in order to prepare properly modified reinforcing particles for further laboratory experiments with the Laser Melt Injection (LMI) technique to produce particle reinforced steel composite surface layers. The partially calcined alumina (Al2O3) as well as the hydrothermally recycled crystalline iron(Ⅲ) oxide precipitate were characterized first to check their exact size ranges, specific surface areas and major chemical contaminants so that the best possible EN plating technique would be selected and applied. It was revealed soon that the sensitization and activation pre-treatment steps could not be omitted and after their proper adjustment, also the composition and pH of a relatively commonly used hypophosphite reducing type bath had to be modified to the given purpose. Eventually a slightly alkaline EN bath was successfully prepared with which both industrial oxide powders surface could be nickel coated soundly, which final result was demonstrated also by several metallographic testing techniques showing the microstructure of the quite evenly and fully coated oxide particles.

关键词：钢铁；化学镀镍；氧化铝粉；氧化铁粉

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In support of Hanford's feed delivery of high level waste (HLW) to the Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP), pilot-scale testing and demonstrations with simulants containing cohesive particles were performed as a joint collaboration between Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) staff. The objective of the demonstrations was to determine the impact that cohesive particle interactions in the simulants, and the resulting non-Newtonian rheology, have on tank mixing and batch transfer of large and dense seed particles. The work addressed the impacts cohesive simulants have on mixing and batch transfer performance in a pilot-scale system. Kaolin slurries with a range of wt percent concentrations to vary the Bingham yield stress were used in all the non-Newtonian simulants. To study the effects of just increasing the liquid viscosity (no yield stress) on mixing and batch transfers, a glycerol/water mixture was used. Stainless steel 100 micron particles were used as seed particles due to their density and their contrasting color to the kaolin and glycerol.

关键词：放射性废物管理；水泥浆；不锈钢

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Erosion behavior of the high velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) deposited Cr_3C_2-NiCr and WC-Co coatings on boiler tube steels was evaluated. The solid particle erosion study was conducted, using an air jet erosion test rig at a velocity of 26 m/s and impingement angles of 30° and 90°, on uncoated as well as HVOF spray coated boiler tube steels at 250 ℃. The coatings are significantly harder than the substrate steel and less porous. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique was used to analyze the eroded surface. Mass loss of the coatings was found higher than the boiler tube steel.

关键词：钢铁;超音速火焰喷涂;侵蚀;扫描电子显微镜

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The field emission characteristics of niobium electrodes were compared to those of stainless steel electrodes using a DC high voltage field emission test apparatus. A total of eight electrodes were evaluated: two 304 stainless steel electrodes polished to mirror-like finish with diamond grit and six niobium electrodes (two single-crystal, two large-grain, and two fine-grain) that were chemically polished using a buffered-chemical acid solution. Upon the first application of high voltage, the best large-grain and single-crystal niobium electrodes performed better than the best stainless steel electrodes, exhibiting less field emission at comparable voltage and field strength. In all cases, field emission from electrodes (stainless steel and/or niobium) could be significantly reduced and sometimes completely eliminated, by introducing krypton gas into the vacuum chamber while the electrode was biased at high voltage. Of all the electrodes tested, a large-grain niobium electrode performed the best, exhibiting no measurable field emission (> 10 pA) at 225 kV with 20 mm cathode/anode gap, corresponding to a field strength of 18:7 MV/m.

关键词：光电子;直流;电势;电极;铌

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