Smart washing machines are devices that are equipped with advanced communications technology that help them function faster and use energy efficiently. They are designed to use smart grid technology implemented by utility companies. Smart grids are intelligent electric grids that communicate the demand and supply of power among end-users and power suppliers to maximize the efficiency of appliances used, thereby minimizing power wastage. Smart washing machines use the smart grid power source to reduce power consumption during peak hours and ensure use during off-peak hours, thereby optimizing energy usage. Furthermore, smart washing machines are connected to wireless connecting devices through the internet and, thus,can be accessed and controlled by these devices from any remote location.

关键词：智能洗衣机；通讯技术；利用能源；智能电网技术

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关键词：2014；洗衣机；转型

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国网公司牵头建设电力交易平台，分拆电网的风险大幅下降。新一轮电网建设启动，2014年是配网规划出台和投资落实的元年。2014年能源局将力推“十二条输电通道”，加快“西电东送”步伐，特高压或迎来审批大年。

关键词：电力交易平台；电网建设；启动；十二条输电通道；西电东送

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We have produced a variety of superconducting transition edge sensor array designs for microcalorimetric detection of x-rays. Arrays are characterized with a time division SQUID multiplexer such that greater than 10 devices from an array can be measured in the same cooldown. Designs include kilo pixel scale arrays of relatively small sensors (-75 micron pitch) atop a thick metal heatsinking layer as well as arrays of membrane-isolated devices on 250 micron and up to 600 micron pitch. We discuss fabrication and performance of microstripline wiring at the small scales achieved to date. We also address fabrication issues with reduction of absorber contact area in small devices.

关键词：光机电；传感器；微热量计；性能测试

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关键词：光机电；传感器；法布里珀罗干涉；银薄膜

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The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company (LMSSC) have been developing the Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Generator (ASRG) for use as a power system for space science missions. This generator would use two high-efficiency Advanced Stirling Convertors (ASCs), developed by Sunpower, Inc., and NASA Glenn Research Center. The ASCs convert thermal energy from a radioisotope heat source into electricity. As part of ground testing of these ASCs, different operating conditions are used to simulate expected mission conditions. These conditions require achieving a particular operating frequency, hot-end and cold-end temperatures, and specified electrical power output for a given heat input. It is difficult to measure heat input to Stirling convertors due to the complex geometries of the hot components, temperature limits of sensor materials, and invasive integration of sensors. A thin-film heat flux sensor was used to directly measure heat input to an ASC. The effort succeeded in designing and fabricating unique sensors, which were integrated into a Stirling convertor ground test and exposed to test temperatures exceeding 700 C in air for 10,000 hr. Sensor measurements were used to calculate thermal efficiency for ASC-E (Engineering Unit) No. 1 and No. 4. The post-disassembly condition of the sensors is also discussed.

关键词：光机电；传感器；斯特林转换器；热流测量

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Applying external magnetic fields to arc discharges in gas circuit breakers is very helpful for facilitating arc extinguishing process. However, there has never been a report on decreases in arc electron densities under external magnetic fields. Here, 2-dimensional electron density distribution over an arc channel under an external magnetic field were obtained by only a single measurement using a Shack-Hartmann type laser wavefront sensor. The electron densities around a gap centre of about 10~(22)m~(-3) were lower than those without external magnetic fields when an instantaneous current decreased to 20A.

关键词：光机电；传感器；激光波；二维电子

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In October 2010, the Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute of Energy and Transport (IET) and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) signed a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) to formalize collaborations in specific Thematic Areas both parties agreed to. The terms of the technical program (aims, means, and deliverables) were detailed in Technical Annexes appended to the MOA. Technical Annex 1 was titled Hydrogen Sensor Performance, Testing and Evaluation. As part of the MOA, each party established a Steering Committee to guide cooperative activities implemented under the MOA. The Steering Committee meets once a year to review the cooperative activities implemented, to evaluate their effectiveness, and to develop plans. The first Steering Committee meeting was held by videoconference on 22 September 2011; the second meeting is scheduled for 3 December 2012. The MOA was to be in effect for two years and subject to renewal. This report summarizes the joint activities undertaken within the framework of the MOA on hydrogen sensor performance testing.

关键词：光机电；传感器；氢；性能测试

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The long-term goals of this project are to enable observations of pH in the ocean at depths to 2000 m using sensors deployed on autonomous platforms, particularly profiling floats of the type used in the Argo array. These systems will enable robust, basin-scale observations of changing pH driven by natural and anthropogenic processes. Develop a robust and stable pH sensor for deep-sea applications that is based on the Honeywell Durafet Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistor (ISFET). The sensor should operate to depths of at least 2000 m. It should have a precision of 0.001 pH and a stability of 0.005 pH over periods up to 5 years throughout the oceanic temperature and salinity range. Capabilities will be demonstrated with deployments on four Webb Research Apex profiling floats.

关键词：光机电；传感器；高压集成；ISFET pH

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Currently in the United States, periodic sensor recalibration is required for all safety-related sensors, typically occurring at every refueling outage, and it has emerged as a critical path item for shortening outage duration in some plants. Online monitoring can be employed to identify those sensors that require calibration, allowing for calibration of only those sensors that need it. International application of calibration monitoring has shown that sensors may operate for longer periods within calibration tolerances. This issue is expected to also be important as the United States looks to the next generation of reactor designs (such as small modular reactors and advanced concepts), given the anticipated longer refueling cycles, proposed advanced sensors, and digital instrumentation and control systems. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) accepted the general concept of online monitoring for sensor calibration monitoring in 2000, but no U.S. plants have been granted the necessary license amendment to apply it. This report presents a state-of-the-art assessment of online calibration monitoring in the nuclear power industry, including sensors, calibration practice, and online monitoring algorithms. This assessment identifies key research needs and gaps that prohibit integration of the NRC-approved online calibration monitoring system in the U.S. nuclear industry. Several needs are identified, including an understanding of the impacts of sensor degradation on measurements for both conventional and emerging sensors; the quantification of uncertainty in online calibration assessment; determination of calibration acceptance criteria and quantification of the effect of acceptance criteria variability on system performance; and assessment of the feasibility of using virtual sensor estimates to replace identified faulty sensors in order to extend operation to the next convenient maintenance opportunity.

关键词：光机电；传感器；核电站；校准监视

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