Paint finish, especially in a discerning industry as the automotive space, is a critical element of vehicle production. The slightest of blemishes in the finish of a paint job can get a vehicle rejected by manufacturers. Manufacturers have a requirement for high accuracy and precision in the surface coatings that can be achieved through modern painting processes. This is due to the high number of customer rejections of cars with poor paint jobs. Bare-metal gets painted only in factories, thus eliminating the complexities in the painting process that is later executed at body shops. Hence, manufacturers and original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) have clear and strict mandates for a flawless factory paint finish.

Transmission forms a key function of powertrains in vehicles. A vehicle's transmission is a type of gearbox that directs the power generated from an internal combustion engine to the wheel axle. Typically, an automotive transmission system includes the entire drivetrain, which comprises components such as a gearbox, clutch, prop shaft, drive shafts, and differentials.

High-pressure fuel pumps are mostly used in direct injection vehicles. In gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, the air-fuel mixture is directly formed in the combustion chamber. The high-pressure fuel pump injects the fuel and incoming air into the combustion chamber. GDI engines operate at a high pressure of up to 350 bar. This would require a high-pressure fuel pump to ensure that the fuel is injected into the combustion chamber at the required pressure.

The global four-wheeler industry comprises of passenger cars for personal use and vehicles that are used for commercial use. These segments operate under varied market dynamics with different customer behaviors and value chains. The passenger cars segment is growing steadily due to the rising population worldwide, particularly those belonging to the middle-income group in the emerging countries. The commercial vehicles segment is also seeing healthy growth rates with countries like the US and China contributing high volume sales. The key reasons for such growth are the higher loaHd-bearing capacity and comfort of these vehicles.

An automotive dynamic steering system is an advanced system that alters or modifies the characteristics of steering system to adapt to the present vehicle speed and onroad conditions. The advanced steering response or control system aids in better handling by providing adequate feedback of the road and adjusting itself as per the road conditions. The system helps the driver to have a better and improved control over the vehicle moving at different speeds and therefore, makes the drivability more interactive in nature.

The automotive industry is driven by the changing consumer needs, due to the increasing purchasing power in the economy and government regulations on vehicular emissions. The stringent regulations on emission due to the rising pollution levels force automakers to develop smart and energy-efficient cars. To increase output efficiency and limit vehicular emissions without affecting the engine size, engine output, and the total cost of manufacturing, vehicles are equipped with powerful and compact engines that require cheap but advance components like dual VVTs. Dual VVT increases the efficiency of the engine by varying the lift of variable valves during each intake and exhaust valves simultaneously to adjust the amount of air in the air-fuel mixture going in and coming out of the combustion chamber. The dual system limits vehicular emissions by increasing the efficiency of combustion.

Driving simulators, also called as sims, are a class of HMIs, which are used to imitate the exact or near-exact conditions prevalent while driving a vehicle, with respect to the driver's perspective, motion and physics perspective, as well as the vehicle interior and exterior perspective.

Electric motor is a machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy through the interaction of magnetic field with current. The motor mainly consists of two parts: a rotor and a stator. The motors can be categorized into direct current (DC) motor and alternating current (AC) motor based on the type of current used by the motor. AC motors are classified into synchronous or asynchronous, and DC motors are classified into brushed and brushless.

The earliest recorded history of toys dates to the early 19th century, when peddlers and street traders were engaged in selling low-cost toys for children. These were usually carved from wood, and primarily produced by rural craftsmen or by bonded laborers working in small backstreet factories. These factories, which were mostly located in and around London and its suburbs, were notorious for being akin to sweatshops and encouraging child labor.

A carbon ceramic brake rotor is made of ceramic, which is an inorganic solid material. It is very hard and yet light, stable, and water resistant. Carbon brake rotors are one of the superior high-performance braking systems that are commercially available in the market. These high-performance brake rotors help to overcome the drawbacks of iron brake rotors. They offer an optimum braking performance in sports, super sports, and heavy-duty vehicles. In addition to their functional benefits, they aid in the reduction in the overall weight of the vehicle, thereby leading to the improved engine performance and better fuel efficiency.