An interdisciplinary team of six faculty members and six students at the University of Detroit Mercy (UDM) conducted a comprehensive study of the factors enabling or inhibiting development of effective regional transit. Focusing on Metro Detroit and four peer regionsAtlanta, Cleveland, Denver, and St. Louisinvestigators examined six key variables in transit success: 1) leadership and politics, 2) governance and law, 3) finance, 4) transit-oriented development (TOD), 5) equity and access, and 6) media and public opinion. These elements were studied in the context of Detroit transit history with respect to lessons learned, recent developments in Metro Detroit, and comparisons and recommendations. The team employed a nontraditional research methodology driven not by numbers but by the narrative of firsthand experience. They conducted in-depth interviews with more than 60 leaders in transit advocacy, development, and operation from five regions across the country, seeking the type of insight acquired almost exclusively through personal experience. The interviewees included: Current or previous CEOs of four regional transit authorities (RTAs) and more than 25 key staff members of RTAs Six RTA board members, including three board presidents Five MPO leaders of transit development in their regions A wide variety of stakeholders/advocates, including leading figures in business, education, labor, campaign consulting, and media Government leaders, including legislators, mayors and mayors staff The team then undertook the task of curating, organizing and assembling this accumulation of wisdom into cogent analyses that form the foundation of this report. This document provides and overview and summaries of key findings in all six areas of focus. Six separate reports explore each area in greater depth.

关键词：控制因素；底特律；领导；管理规范

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This project is a follow-up to Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) research project BD545-61, Impact of Lane Closures on Roadway Capacity (specifically, Part A: Development of a Two-Lane Work Zone Lane Closure Analysis Procedure and Part C: Modeling Diversion Propensity at Work Zones). In this previous project, the primary objective was to update the procedure in the Plans Preparation Manual (PPM), Volume 1, Section 10.14.7 (2006), for two-lane roadways. Field data collection was not included in the previous project; thus, the results were based strictly on simulation data from the FlagSim simulation program. The primary objective of this project was to update the two-lane roadway with a lane closure analysis procedure developed under the previous project, based on calibrating the FlagSim simulation program to field data. An additional aspect of this that was not considered in the BD545-61 project was to account for the effect of grade on the work zone performance measures. An additional project objective was to update the RTF estimation method developed under the BD545-61 project, as necessary, based on measured traffic demands (before and during) at work zone field sites. Field data were collected at three sites and used to calibrate the FlagSim program.

关键词：封闭行车线；工作区；交通能力

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This issue of Research Showcase features articles on two successful research efforts, one on quiet pavements and the other on the benefits of prismatic sign sheeting, and an article on university transportation center participation in Florida.

关键词：佛罗里达州；降噪；棱柱片材

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In order to better utilize available capacity in high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes, states are permitted to allow certain qualifying non-HOVs to use HOV lanes. In general, states may allow motorcycles, public transportation vehicles, high-occupancy toll (HOT) vehicles, and low-emission and energy-efficient vehicles to use HOV lanes. For any or all of these types of vehicles, the states must establish programs addressing candidacy, enrollment, and management of the lanes. In the case of tolled vehicles, dynamic pricing is the primary control that limits the potential to cause congestion in the lanes. In the case of the energy-efficient vehicles, the programs typically include decals, licenses, license plates, or stickers, that serve to identify and, in some cases, cap the number of allowed to use the lanes vehicles.

关键词：空气污染控制；汽车；拼车；拥塞

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In recent years, bikeshare systems have spread throughout the United States. Despite the increase in systems and users, little is known about how bikeshare member demographics and travel patterns compare with those of traditional bicyclists. To bridge the gap, this study investigated bikeshare system user travel behavior and developed a profile of user demographics through the comparison of short-term (1 day) users and annual members of Capital Bikeshare (CaBi) in Washington, D.C., with profiles of area bicyclists. Data originated from a Washington, D.C., regional household travel survey of 2007-2008, an intercept survey of short-term CaBi users, and an online survey of annual CaBi members. The analysis compared gender, race and ethnicity, age, and student status, as well as socioeconomic status across the surveys. The comparison included trip purpose, helmet use, and travel modes for trips that were replaced by bikesharing. Profiles of CaBi and area cyclists differed with respect to many demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Compared with area cyclists, CaBi short-term users and annual members were more likely to be female and younger, to have lower household incomes, and to own fewer cars and fewer bicycles and were more likely to cycle for utilitarian purposes. CaBi trips mainly replaced trips made by public transport and by walking. CaBi short-term users and members shared similar characteristics, but short-term users were more likely to ride for recreational purposes and were less likely to wear a helmet. The study results indicated that bikesharing can encourage new segments of society to cycle and can help increase the bicycling mode share overall.

关键词：大气；自行车；空气保护

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Rear-end crashes on freeways contribute significantly to nonrecurring congestion. Reducing these events would significantly improve freeway capacity, particularly during peak hours. Although promising coun-termeasures, such as variable speed limits, changeable message signs, and vehicle-based improvements, are under consideration, currently there is a shortage of demonstrably proven countermeasures targeted at freeway rear-end crashes. Liability rules, in which the direct cost associated with a crash is divided between the drivers, their insurance companies, or both, are a primary mechanism for influencing the occurrence of freeway rear-end crashes. An exploratory effort uses concepts from evolutionary game theory to predict the effects of liability rules on rear-end crashes. In a typical two-vehicle car-following scenario, driving behavior can be associated with a utility that each driver expects to achieve depending on his or her and the opponent's actions. Such interactions between leader and follower are modeled as the outcome of an evolutionary process in which drivers with different driving behaviors are randomly and repeatedly matched against each other to play a two-player game. The outcome of these games determines the fraction of drivers pursuing a particular driving strategy for the next phase of the game. The stable long-run distribution of driving strategies is then used to predict the proportion of drivers who are more likely to be involved in a rear-end accident. It turns out that when direct crash costs are allocated evenly to the involved drivers, a population in which all drivers act to avoid crashes is not evolutionarily stable.

关键词：汽车；交通拥挤；博弈论

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The driver-specific data available from naturalistic driving studies provide a unique perspective from which to test and calibrate car-following models. As equipment and data storage costs continue to decline, the collection of data through in situ probe-type vehicles is likely to become more popular, and thus there is a need to assess the feasibility of these data for the modeling of driver car-following behavior. This study focused on the costs and benefits of naturalistic data for use in mobility applications. Any project seeking to use naturalistic data should plan for a complex and potentially costly data reduction process to extract mobility data. A case study was based on data from the database of the 100-Car Study conducted by the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute. One thousand minutes' worth of data comprising more than 2,000 car-following events recorded across eight drivers from a section of multilane highway located near Washington, D.C., was compiled. The collected event data were used to calibrate four different car-following models, and a comparative analysis of model performance was conducted. The results of model calibration are given in tabular format, displayed on the fundamental diagram, and shown with sample event charts of speed versus time and headway versus time. When compared with the Gipps, intelligent driver, and Gaxis-Herman-Rothery models, the Rakha-Pasumarthy-Adjerid model was found to perform best in matching individual drivers and in matching aggregate results.

关键词：汽车；跟车行为；数据建模

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The Netherlands is well known for its large share of bicycle use and for its relatively compact cities; these conditions suggest that transport poverty may be less of a problem than in other developed countries. This paper explores the role of the bicycle in the avoidance of transport poverty on the basis of two exploratory studies. The first study focused on low-income households and showed that the bicycle did curb transport poverty but was of limited importance as a means of access to the labor market. The second study explored the ability of households without cars to maintain social networks. The study findings underlined the importance of the bicycle but also showed that the bicycle was used selectively by elderly residents and was of limited relevance to households with a social network that extended beyond urban borders.

关键词：汽车；自行车；角色

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Mobility attributes such as driver's license, car ownership, reserved parking at work, and transit pass have a very strong impact on travel choices, in particular, mode choice. Mobility attributes are not acquired for a particular trip but rather are driven by the entire set of individual travel needs (commuting being the most basic of them). Some mobility attributes, for example, car ownership and transit pass, are substitutable; others, for example, car ownership and reserved parking at work, are complementary. For this reason, mobility attributes have to be analyzed and modeled jointly. The purpose of the current research is to analyze a wide set of mobility attributes and incorporate them in an operational activity-based model as a set of midterm choices. The approach suggested in this paper is based on an iterative application of three interlinked choice submodels: (a) joint choice of person driver's license, usual driver role (priority in using one of the household cars), car type choice, reserved or reimbursed parking at work, and transit pass; (b) household car ownership choice by type; and (c) intrahousehold car allocation by type. Model estimation results confirmed strong cross-attribute effects as well as revealed many impacts of person, household, and travel accessibility variables. In particular, historical and cultural differences between three population sectors in Jerusalem-secular Jewish, Orthodox Jewish, and Arab-manifested themselves quite strongly. Application of these models for future scenarios is discussed.

关键词：汽车；设计风格；个性化

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关键词：汽车；管理维护；交通成本

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