Equipment Type: Saturated asphalt and tar building ply felts, organic base Industry: Asphalt shingle and coating materials manufacturing

Production of motor fuel: gasoline, kerosene etc. Production of fuel: light, medium and heavy fuel oil, refinery gases such as ethane, propane, butane etc. Manufacture of oil-based lubricating oils or greases, including from waste oil Manufacture of products for the petrochemical industry and for the manufacture of road coverings Manufacture of various products: white spirit, Vaseline, paraffin wax, petroleum jelly etc. Manufacture of hard-coal and lignite fuel briquettes Manufacture of petroleum briquettes Blending of biofuels, i.e. blending of alcohols with petroleum (e.g. gasohol)

Production of motor fuel: gasoline, kerosene etc. Production of fuel: light, medium and heavy fuel oil, refinery gases such as ethane, propane, butane etc. Manufacture of oil-based lubricating oils or greases, including from waste oil Manufacture of products for the petrochemical industry and for the manufacture of road coverings Manufacture of various products: white spirit, Vaseline, paraffin wax, petroleum jelly etc. Manufacture of hard-coal and lignite fuel briquettes Manufacture of petroleum briquettes

Malaysia's national oil and natural gas firm, Petronas, owns all oil and natural gas exploration and production projects in the nation Petronas dominates the upstream sector, where it enters production sharing contracts ( with local and international corporations to explore and exploit Malaysia's oil and gas resources ExxonMobil, Shell, and ConocoPhillips are the three largest multinational oil firms producing the most oil in Malaysia, as estimated by Rystad Energy and published by the US Energy Information Administration ( Other international oil corporations, such as Repsol ( Pertamina ( PetroVietnam ( and JX Nippon Oil and Gas, have been drawn by new investment potential ( Despite the large presence of other regional and international firms in Malaysia, Petronas dominates the downstream industry Shell, Chevron, and Petron are among the foreign gasoline retailers operating domestically

In the wake of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the conflict between liberal camps centered upon the US and Europe and autocratic camps centered upon China and Russia is growing. Finally, international trade, which had been free for more than 30 years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, is becoming increasingly blocked. For fossil fuels, supply is limited due to conflicts between the two camps, including between the US and China in 2018, Australia and China in 2021, and Russia and Western Europe in 2022. In the meantime, many countries are strengthening their individual carbon-neutral policies to address climate change. Accordingly, we believe that responses to climate change going forward will become a means for countries to regulate one another. Given carbon neutrality and energy independence needs, nuclear power is expected to become a major source of power. In addition, the expansion of the renewable energy market, which has secured economic feasibility compared to fossil fuels, is to accelerate the global transition towards a hydrogen economy. Given this rapidly changing world order, we believe it is time to take a close look at how green energy market being reorganized.

Base oils are refined base stocks that are used to manufacture automotive and industrial lubricants, oils, greases, rubber products, and white and paraffin oil. Base oils are relatively more polar in nature than paraffinic oils, and therefore, have exceptional cooling and low-temperature properties. Lubricants are used to minimize friction and wear and tear between surfaces. Most lubricants consist of 70% lubricant oil and up to 30% chemical compounds known as additives.

Mineral oil is often a liquid by-product of refining crude oil to produce gasoline and other petroleum products. It is a colorless, odorless, light combination of higher alkanes from a mineral source, notably a petroleum distillate. Mineral oil is a chemical product sold over the counter that is manufactured from naturally occurring crude petroleum oil. Mineral oils are odorless, tasteless, colorless, and transparent liquids. They are also water-insoluble.

Over the last few years, the production of crude oil increased ten folds. Crude oil production can never be produced solely without water and contaminants. During its production, crude oil is often mixed with water and form water-in-oil emulsions or oil-in-water emulsions. Sometimes the hybrid of it on account of factors such as surface-active substances (asphalt, lubricating oils, and waxes, among others) that are naturally present in crude oil and high force by which the oil is lifted. These emulsions are one of the major problems that producers, transporters, and refineries of crude oil face. This is because it not only leads to fouling, scaling, and degradation of the downstream equipment and pipelines but also decreases the calorific value of fuel, thereby affecting the overall profit and productivity of the company. Therefore, to avoid economic losses and operational challenges, water must be removed from crude oil before transportation and refining using a process called demulsification.

一般情况下，供需关系对商品价格起决定作用。供应过剩情况下，商品价格总体保持下跌趋势。然而，2021年PTA在产能快速扩张、下游需求低迷，供应明显过剩的情况下，价格却较2020年上涨超过20%。究其原因，主要是成本支撑在起作用。原油价格大涨带来的强大的成本支撑是2021年PTA价格上涨的主因。2021年，原油价格全年涨幅超过40%，一度涨至近七年内高点。在2021年全年PTA价格与成本相当接近甚至倒挂时，原料价格大幅上涨被动拉动PTA价格走强。

在当前油价较低的情况下，国外油服公司仍然保持较高的专利申请量，其专利布局与主要业务市场紧密契合，业务遍及全球主要油气产区。国外油服公司专利申请比较系统，针对新技术、新产品、新方法进行全面的布局，其中以斯伦贝谢的专利布局最为全面，哈里伯顿近5年增速迅猛，年申请量超过斯伦贝谢。三大油服公司的授权专利占比50%左右，具有较好的保护效果。基于国内外技术现状，充分结合国内企业技术需求，建议建立突围式的专利布局，加强专利监测预警，借鉴、优化改进与组合相结合，实施关键技术外围包绕、差异化技术布局的策略。