Desalination is a procedure that helps in separating dissolved salts and other minerals from seawater, brackish water, and groundwater & surface water. It is deemed as an alternative sustainable supply of freshwater with the requisite quality and quantity. The key advantage of desalination is that it can provide high-quality drinking water for consumption in areas of water scarcity. Desalination addresses diminishing freshwater supplies as the countries are looking for solutions to deal with water scarcity caused by climate change, industrial development, pollution, and population growth. Innovations in technology have improved energy efficiency, where larger economies of scale have also aided in reducing costs, thereby assisting in the growth of the overall water desalination market.

Ultrapure water (UPW) is a highly purified water that has been purified to uncommonly stringent specifications. It is used as a cleaning agent in semiconductor plants. Therefore, the most important factor is that the water is treated to the highest levels of purity for all contaminants. The water should not contain any dissolved impurities that might settle on circuits, thereby leading to the failure of microchips. Hence, the growing applications in the semiconductor industry, especially in APAC and North America, are expected to accelerate the demand for ultrapure water during the forecast period.

The growth in the global population is driving the demand for food in the past decade. The demand for food grains is expected to grow by 59−98% by 2050. This will change the face of agricultural markets in ways that we may not have seen before. Farmers worldwide are expected to increase crop production either by raising the quantity of agricultural land to grow crops or by enhancing productivity on existing agricultural lands through fertilizers, irrigation techniques, and adopting new methods such as precision farming.

Desalination is a procedure that helps in separating dissolved salts and other minerals from seawater, brackish water, and groundwater & surface water. It is deemed as an alternative sustainable supply of freshwater with the requisite quality and quantity. The key advantage of desalination is that it can provide high-quality drinking water for consumption in areas of water scarcity. Desalination addresses diminishing freshwater supplies as the countries are looking for solutions to deal with water scarcity caused by climate change, industrial development, pollution, and population growth. Innovations in technology have improved energy efficiency, where larger economies of scale have also aided in reducing costs, thereby assisting in the growth of the overall water desalination market.

Zero liquid discharge is a developing water treatment strategy in which wastewater is recycled and purified, leaving slight to no sewage left over when the process is complete. Though the treatment requirements will mainly depend on the application, zero liquid discharge often involves ultrafiltration, evaporation, reverse osmosis, and several other membrane technologies. Rising megatrends in urbanization and industrialization are generating higher stress on the environment, involving the world’s freshwater resources. In several areas worldwide and especially in fast-developing and emerging economies such as India, rapid expansion in industries and manufacturing units are establishing a threat to water quality and enormous stress on water supplies. Concerns associated with water availability risks are expanded in areas inclined to water scarcity.

OVERVIEW A decentralized water and wastewater treatment systems help in providing flexibility and efficiency required to deal with water challenges across the globe. Decentralized water or wastewater treatment is the practice of setting water treatment facilities at the site of demand or supply. It is a sustainable and flexible alternative solution to the large treatment plants that need costly delivery and supply infrastructure. Water scarcity is one of the greatest challenges across the world, which affects not only the environment and human health but also local economies that depend on water for industry, agriculture, and business. Therefore, this generates the requirement for decentralized water treatment facilities to address the problems.

难民问题是当今国际社会的热点问题，也是长期困扰世界的一大难题。伊朗是世界上主要的难民接收国之一，其境内的阿富汗难民问题已持续40年之久。伊朗的阿富汗难民政策经历了最初的“门户开放”和融合政策，到20世纪末的排斥、预防和遣返政策，再到如今的难民救助与加速遣返并行的平衡政策等一系列转变。伊朗政府对难民开放、包容和友好的态度一直受到国际社会的赞誉，但由于巨大的经济压力和社会安全隐患，近年来伊朗国内出现了反对承担过多难民救济责任的呼声和部分驱逐难民的举动。增强阿富汗本国的吸引力和妥善安置回返者的综合能力，合理、有序、恰当地推动难民自愿遣返，是解决伊朗境内阿富汗难民问题的根本之道。

东南亚国家联盟并未选择侧重讨论环境、人权和民主这三个新领域。它们是强加给我们的，东南亚国家联盟不得不作出反应。请允许我举三个具体例子。第一个例子，针对环境保护主义者对于砍伐森林的担忧，马来西亚被迫对他们的批评作出反应。第二个例子，印度尼西亚在东帝汶问题上受到人权活动家的许多责难。随之带来一些严重后果。荷兰削减了它的外援，其结果是，印度尼西亚解散了IGGI（因该组织的领导人是荷兰人），成立了一个新组织，即CGI。葡萄牙也因东帝汶问题否决了一项东盟与欧共体的新合作协议。第三个例子关于民主问题，当泰国发生了一次反对通过民主选举而执政的差猜政府时，美国切断了对泰国的援助。这些新近的例子表明东南亚联盟是如何迫不得已作出反应的。我们首先应当了解这三个领域是怎样形成的。为什么环境、人权和民主问题变得如此重要？答案并不简单。最初，在人们将人权和民主的问题相互联系时，环境问题尚属一个完全不同的范畴，产生于不同。

伊朗核问题的本质是美伊两国的关系问题。自美国单方面退出《联合全面行动计划》以来，美伊对抗全面加剧，使得伊核问题的和平解决陷入困境。目前，美国已将遏制伊朗作为其中东政策的核心，英、法、德、中、俄等国则在努力挽救该协议。伊朗在强硬回应美国制裁的同时，一直选择履行该协议。在美国对伊制裁全面重启的背景下，国际社会的调解和反制能否帮助伊朗克服国内经济困境，是决定伊朗核问题走向的关键。

石油是伊朗经济的核心，但更多的核能不仅可以优化自身能源结构、满足国内快速增长的能源消费、换取更大规模的石油和天然气出口以促进国内经济快速发展，而且核电站产生的大量淡水也可用于满足快速增长的人口对淡水资源的需求。同时，伊朗重塑海湾地区大国形象也需要核能力。因此，石油、水、安全是伊朗发展核计划的重要战略考量，制裁和对伊朗的战争威胁都不能迫使伊朗放弃其核计划。