2015 年，低油价导致传统油气资源国财政收入下降，被迫通过减少补贴、降低税收、增加优惠等方式来增收节支。推进低碳发展、促进清洁能源利用是主要消费国的政策基点，也成为油气生产国的重要选项，资源国顺应形势制订了可再生能源投资计划。未来化石燃料被替代步伐将加快，全球将实行更为清洁的新能源发展模式。

关键词：低油价；资源国；消费国；低碳发展

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关键词：汽车；反垄断；政策法规；展望

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关键词：电动汽车；政策；新阶段

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Most climate scientists agree that humans are accelerating a change in the Earths climate through the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). In response, governments and organizations in the United States at the state, regional, and local levels have been enacting policies aimed at reducing energy consumption and GHG emissions. These policies typically include an overall emissions reduction target for a city, a state, or an agency. To meet reduction targets, some agencies and organizations are developing plans and strategies that are often disaggregated by emissions sources. Transportation, surface transportation in particular, is one of the most significant sources of GHG emissions: About 29% of all U.S. GHG emissions are from transportation, and emissions are expected to increase, as can be seen in Figure 1. So far, the most common transportation-related response to reduce GHG emissions and promote energy security through reduced energy consumption has focused on four core strategies: reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT), reduce carbon intensity of fuels, improve vehicle efficiency, and improve overall operational efficiency of the surface transportation system. Several of these strategies would require federal policy changes, namely advancements in vehicle technology and further regulation of fuel sources. However, transportation agencies at the state and local levels have more control over reducing VMT and improving the operational efficiency of the surface transportation system since they own, operate, and regulate much of the nations transportation system. Systematically incorporating GHG emissions into transportation planning and decision making can lead to successful strategies and plans for mitigation.

关键词：大气；温室气体；全球变暖

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The U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Field Office (NNSA/NFO) operates the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS) and North Las Vegas Facility (NLVF). From 1951 through 1992, the NNSS was the continental testing location for U.S. nuclear weapons. The release of radionuclides from NNSS activities has been monitored since the initiation of atmospheric testing. Limitation to underground detonations after 1962 greatly reduced radiation exposure to the public surrounding the NNSS. After nuclear testing ended in 1992, NNSS radiation monitoring focused on detecting airborne radionuclides from historically contaminated soils. These radionuclides are derived from re-suspension of soil (primarily by wind) and emission of tritium-contaminated soil moisture through evapotranspiration. Low amounts of legacy-related tritium are also emitted to air at the NLVF, an NNSS support complex in North Las Vegas. To protect the public from harmful levels of man-made radiation, the Clean Air Act, National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) (Title 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 61 Subpart H) (CFR 2010a) limits the release of radioactivity from a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) facility to that which would cause 10 millirem per year (mrem/yr) effective dose equivalent to any member of the public. This limit does not include radiation unrelated to NNSS activities. Unrelated doses could come from naturally occurring radioactive elements, from sources such as medically or commercially used radionuclides, or from sources outside of the United States, such as the damaged Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan in 2011.

关键词：大气；空气污染物；排放标准

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This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees,makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product,process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.

关键词：大气；有害污染物；节能

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This report surveys existing law for legal issues that have arisen, or may arise in the future, on account of climate change and government responses thereto. At the threshold of many climate-change-related lawsuits are two barrierswhether the plaintiff has standing to sue and whether the claim being made presents a political question. Both barriers have forced courts to apply amorphous standards in a new and complex context.

关键词：大气；法律转变；气候变化

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The risk of motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) associated with on-the-job operation of motor vehicles or exposure to road traffic hazards affects millions of workers in the United States, and this risk cuts across all industries and occupations. MVCs are consistently the leading cause of worker fatalities, affecting workers who drive all types of motor vehicles during their work day . passenger cars, heavy trucks, fire apparatus, and many others. A wide variety of interventions may be applied to prevent work-related MVCs: administrative controls such as seat belt policies, distracted-driving policies, pre-trip vehicle checks, driver training, reduced travel, and fatigue management; and engineering controls such as more crashworthy vehicles, advanced driver assistance systems, or active safety systems. Questions remain as to which are the most effective interventions to protect workers from risks of work-related MVCs. Through strategic planning, research, collaborations with stakeholders, and communication of research results and prevention, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is working to ensure that recommended solutions to prevent work-related MVCs and resulting injuries are based on sound research and are clearly communicated to employers and workers. The NIOSH Center for Motor Vehicle Safety (CMVS) is the focal point for activities within the Institute that address this pressing occupational safety problem. The CMVS was designated in December 2010 to strengthen and sustain the Institute's research and prevention activities to reduce work-related motor vehicle crashes and resulting injuries. It is a 'virtual' Center through which researchers from across the Institute and external partners from government, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), academia, labor, and industry bring complementary expertise to identify crash risk factors, develop and evaluate workplace interventions to prevent crashes, and communicate the results to employers and other stakeholders. The NIOSH CMVS is guided by the vision that: All workers who are exposed to hazards of motor vehicle traffic while working have the highest possible levels of protection from the risk of motor vehicle crashes and resulting injuries. The primary purpose of the 5-year strategic plan for the NIOSH CMVS is to define the priority areas for research and prevention initiatives through 2018.

关键词：战略计划；交通安全；工作场所

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On February 18, 2014, President Obama directed the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to develop a second round of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and fuel economy standards for medium- and heavy-duty trucks. The standards, which will affect trucks beginning with the 2019 model year, are to be proposed by March 2015 and finalized a year later. The standards will be the fourth set of GHG emission standards for mobile sources.

关键词：汽车；清洁空气法案（CAA）；气候；环境保护署

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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) developed a year 2007 air quality modeling platform in support of the Tier 3 Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel Standards. The air quality modeling platform consists of all of the emissions inventories, ancillary files needed for emissions modeling, and the meteorological, initial condition, and boundary condition files needed to run the air quality model. This platform uses all Criteria Air Pollutants (CAPs) and a select set of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs). This document focuses on the emissions modeling components of the 2007 platform, including the emission inventories and the ancillary data and the approaches used to transform emission inventories for use in air quality modeling.

关键词：空气污染控制；空气质量；废气排放

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