Combining the electrical performance of modern high frequency silicon nanoelectronics with additional properties of mechanical flexibility and stretch-ability continuously arouses a sustained interest for its utility in a broad range of space-weight-and-power (SWAP) constrained applications related to e.g. healthcare, structure monitoring, sport, telecommunication, security chips. However, the fabrication of transistors and circuits featuring high electrical performance independently of their deformation state (i.e. flat, folded, or stretched for instance) still constitutes an unresolved challenge. Although many different techniques based on the transfer of high mobility nanostructures or patterned thin-films onto flexible plastic foils constitute possible solutions with their respective advantages and weaknesses, little attention has been paid so far to the thinning of mature rigid technology in the ultra-thin regime followed by transfer-bonding onto a flexible handler. The basic idea developed in this chapter is to combine the advantages of a mature radio-frequency (RF) SOI-CMOS technology with mechanical flexibility provided by thinning. Moreover, performance invariance of flexible systems is another challenge requiring a careful inspection to retain function and to guarantee operation stability. A method based on silicon thinning, transfer-bonding and neutral plane engineering is therefore proposed to produce flexible devices and circuits combining high electrical and mechanical performance, in addition to functional invariance upon deformation. In this chapter, it is demonstrated that SOI MOSFETs featuring high frequency, low noise and low power characteristics can withstand curvature radii down to the centimetre range without noticeable variation of their static and high frequency performance. The thinning and transfer-bonding of rigid technology is performed using successive chemical-mechanical lapping, wet etching and dry cleaning steps followed by room temperature bonding. Static, high frequency and noise characterization completely validate this process. Consistently with mechanical modelling, electrical measurements in bent configurations confirm the invariance of electrical performance upon flexure. Beyond the in-depth analysis of SOI-MOSFETs, CMOS circuits have been characterized to demonstrate that this technology paves the way to flexible electronic applications requiring complexity and frequency performance.

关键词：晶体管；独立电路芯片；高电气性能

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Growing apprehensions of radiological accidents and terroristic attacks have intensified research efforts to find materials with appropriate radiation sensitivity that are carried close to human body, are ubiquitously available and which can be used as fortuitous dosimeters in rapid determination of doses of individuals after radiation exposure. In this respect, thermoluminescence (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) of chip cards and electronic components of personal objects have been recently evaluated by researchers in several countries. OSL and TL signal of chip cards is attributed to SiO_2 grains contained in the epoxy layers used for controlling the thixotropic properties whereas the radiation induced signal in electronic components (resistors, resonators, capacitors, ICs, antenna switches, etc.) of personal objects (mobile phones, USB flash drive, MP3 players, etc.) is attributed to the ceramic contents, especially to Al_2O_3 based substrates. Chip-cards exhibited large variations depending on the preparation process and some cards did not exhibit any measurable signal. Although, the radiation sensitive cards were found suitable for the estimation of dose from a few tens of mGy to tens of Gy with linear dose response, the variability of responses of cards from different origins/manufactures and the complexity of thermo-optical effects of the epoxy severely limits the use of chip-cards for accident dosimetry. For the electronic components of personal objects, TL and OSL properties such as zero-dose signal, TL glow peak structure and OSL nature of the substrates of different types of components varied considerably depending on its source. Among the studied components (resistors, resonators, ICs, capacitors, inductors, antenna switches etc.) of personal objects (mobile phones, USB flash drives, MP3 players etc.), the resistors of mobile phones with Al_2O_3 substrates exhibited higher OSL sensitivity (minimum measurable dose of about a few mGy), linear dose response up to several Gy, smaller sample to sample variation and higher reproducibility. Excessive anomalous fading for both TL and OSL signals was found to be the main hindrance. However, the trials of simulating the accidental exposures by fixing mobile phones and other devices on phantom, subjecting to irradiation in laboratory and by using the SAR protocol and fading corrections, were successful in evaluating the doses within about 10%. It is evident that the differences in the fading rates of the TL signals of glow peaks at different temperatures and different part of OSL curve and different types of readout procedures could provide important information of the exposures, including the elapsed time of an accident.

关键词：便携式设备；电子元器件；芯片卡片

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This report describes the process of creating a portable Dari and Pashto soft keyboard for an Android device using an open-source platform called AnySoftKeyboard. The keyboard layout extensible markup language (XML) files that define the Dari and Pashto keyboards are described and included as appendixes in this report.

关键词：键盘；文件(记录)；标记语言；便携式设备

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A strong physically unclonable function (PUF) is a circuit structure that extracts an exponential number of unique chip signatures from a bounded number of circuit components. The strong PUF unique signatures can enable a variety of low overhead security and intellectual property protection protocols applicable to several computing platforms. This paper proposes a novel lightweight (low overhead) strong PUF based on the timings of a classic processor architecture. A small amount of circuitry is added to the processor for on-the-fly extraction of the unique timing signatures. To achieve desirable strong PUF properties, we develop an algorithm which leverages intentional post- silicon aging to tune the inter-chip and intra-chip signature variation. Our evaluation results show that the new PUF meets the desirable inter- and intra- chip strong PUF characteristics, while its overhead is much lower than the existing strong PUFs. For the processors implemented in 45nm technology, the average inter-chip Hamming distance for 32-bit responses is increased by 16.1% after applying our post-silicon tuning method; the aging algorithm also decreases the average intra-chip Hamming distance by 98.1% (for 32-bit responses).

关键词：芯片(电子)；计算机安全；集成电路

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The research covered four primary areas: manufacture of on-chip transformation optics (metamaterials), metamaterials as superabsorbers, thermal characterization of metamaterials and nanophotonic devices, and use of metamaterials for plasmonic focusing and splitting. MANUFACTURE: The team designed, fabricated, and experimentally demonstrated an on-chip device for 2d plasmonic transformation optics on a chip. This was done by generating subwavelength dielectric features on a flat metallic surface; by adjusting the spacing of gratings, the team modified the index of refraction in the region of the lens , successfully focusing surface plasmon polaritons (SPP). SUPERABSORBERS: The team used the Rigorous Coupled Wave Analysis (RCWA) method to study the interaction of incident plane waves with periodic metamaterials with alternating doublepositive and double-negative materials, showing very strong effects on light propagation even if the structure s thickness is much smaller than the incident wavelength. This demonstrated the feasibility of absorbing light by very thin films of metamaterials with zero average refractive index. THERMAL CHARACTERIZATION: Since metamaterials can concentrate electromagnetic energy, nanoscale-level self-heating issues can be significant problems with nanoscale device development. The team used Scatting Thermal Microscopy to demonstrate a direct measurement of the temperature distribution of a silicon photonic chip using a thermocouple probe. By constructing a device (a doped Micro Ring Resonator (MRR)) and shining light tuned to MRR resonances, self-heating was induced, noting that when the laser is tuned to the MRR resonance there is a substantial rise in the thermal signal within the ring, but out of resonance the rise in thermal signal is marginal. Repeating the experiment with an undoped device, which showed no significant self-heating. PLASMONIC FOCUSING: The team constructed a device capable of splitting and focusing surface plasmon polaritons into different locations depending on the polarization of the excitation source, showing its possible use as a plasmonic quadrant detector or possible beam splitter, showing that the device split orthogonally polarized light into orthogonal directions.

关键词：光学芯片；电浆子集中；电浆分裂；谐振器

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The purpose of the research performed under this grant was to explore aerodynamics and flow-solid interactions of a flapping wing mechanism. This was accomplished by performing research in the following four areas: 1. Development and testing of a flapping mechanism featuring adjustable wing kinematics. 2. Exploration of different kinematic representations of flapping wing trajectories. 3. Study of hardware-in-the-loop optimization approaches. 4. Full-field, high-speed, three-dimensional flow imaging using synthetic aperture particle image velocimetry (SAPIV). The outcomes of these activities are summarized in the report. Where not available in publications or theses, methodological details are provided. It is shown that SAPIV is able to reconstruct 3D whole-field velocity fields in large spatial regions of interest. The results demonstrate that SAPIV can be used to measure fluid flow velocities and reconstruct the visual hull of flapping wings, benefiting future work in studying the complex and unsteady nature of flapping flight.

关键词：空气动力学；空军研究；流体流动；硬件在环

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This paper explores low-cost hardware and software methods to provide depth cues traditionally absent in monocular displays. The use of a VRPN server in conjunction with a Microsoft Kinect and/or Nintendo Wiimote to provide head tracking information to a Unity application, and NVIDIA 3D Vision for retinal disparity support, is discussed. Methods are suggested to implement this technology with NASA's EDGE simulation graphics package, along with potential caveats. Finally, future applications of this technology to astronaut crew training, particularly when combined with an omnidirectional treadmill for virtual locomotion and NASA's ARGOS system for reduced gravity simulation, are discussed.

关键词：计算机模拟；显示设备；微重力；计算机程序

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关键词：中继系统；通信和广播系统；地面车辆；无线链路

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During our support of various acquisition programs within the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), the authors have observed that system development methods employed by acquisition program offices and by contractors tend to insufficiently engage key software domain experts during the initial synthesis of requirements and systems architectures. A key characteristic of utilizing such methods often results in a physical or hardware-centric design focus during the earliest phases of a program. We have observed programs encounter difficulties that we believe are attributable to design approaches that underemphasize software engineering concerns during the early formulation of system requirements and architecture. We have also observed specialty engineering disciplines (i.e., safety, security, reliability, etc.) receive similar treatment. The topic of our paper is certainly not new, but we continue to observe problematic reoccurrence as more and more systems are being acquired that increasingly rely on software to accomplish mission-critical goals.

关键词：计算机体系结构；计算机程序；承办；物理性质

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The System Identification (SysID) Rack is a real-time hardware-in-the-loop data acquisition (DAQ) and control instrument rack that was designed and built to support inlet testing in the NASA Glenn Research Center 10- by 10-Foot Supersonic Wind Tunnel. This instrument rack is used to support experiments on the Combined-Cycle Engine Large-Scale Inlet for Mode Transition Experiment (CCE. LIMX). The CCE.LIMX is a testbed for an integrated dual flow-path inlet configuration with the two flow paths in an over-and-under arrangement such that the high-speed flow path is located below the lowspeed flow path. The CCE.LIMX includes multiple actuators that are designed to redirect airflow from one flow path to the other; this action is referred to as 'inlet mode transition.' Multiple phases of experiments have been planned to support research that investigates inlet mode transition: inlet characterization (Phase-1) and system identification (Phase-2). The SysID Rack hardware design met the following requirements to support Phase-1 and Phase-2 experiments: safely and effectively move multiple actuators individually or synchronously; sample and save effector control and position sensor feedback signals; automate control of actuator positioning based on a mode transition schedule; sample and save pressure sensor signals; and perform DAQ and control processes operating at 2.5 KHz. This document describes the hardware components used to build the SysID Rack including their function, specifications, and system interface. Furthermore, provided in this document are a SysID Rack effectors signal list (signal flow); system identification experiment setup; illustrations indicating a typical SysID Rack experiment; and a SysID Rack performance overview for Phase-1 and Phase-2 experiments. The SysID Rack described in this document was a useful tool to meet the project objectives.

关键词：执行器；控制设备；数据采集；发动机进气口

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