Immunoglobulins are glycoproteins produced by the plasma cells of the body. They are also referred to as antibodies, which are formed in response to harmful antigens. There are various types of immunoglobulins based on the structure, namely, IgA, IgE, IgM, IgG, and IgD. Each immunoglobulin has a specific function in the body. IgG is the most common class of immunoglobulins found in almost all parts of the body. It accounts for almost 80% of the total immunoglobulin concentration of the body. It is responsible for providing protection against bacterial and other antigen invasions. Based on the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain of IgG structure, it is classified into four subclasses, namely, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4. IgG1 is the most abundant form of IgG, comprising almost 65% of the total IgG concentration.

Maintaining proper sanitization and hygiene is one of the key aspects to prevent the spread of diseases. Over centuries, the world has witnessed several epidemics and pandemics. Therefore, WHO has mandated a set of actionable rules and regulations to prevent the outbreak of diseases. The World Health Organization (WHO) has been dealing with safety and sanitation issues of foreign traffic since 1951 when, at the same time, the Fourth World Health Assembly encouraged all governments to “improve sanitary and environmental conditions; particularly in and around ports and airports.” The World Health Assembly and the Executive Board stressed the value of upholding good hygiene and sanitation standards in international traffic (especially about drinking water and food).

Proper infant nutrition is fundamental to a child’s continued health from birth to late adulthood. During the first three years of an infant's life, proper feeding plays an instrumental role in lowering morbidity and mortality and preventing chronic diseases throughout the life span. A balanced diet also promotes the cognitive and physical development of an infant. According to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, every infant has the right to good nutrition. However, only one-fourth of infants have access to the requisite dietary diversity and feeding frequency in most countries. Improper feeding practices account for almost a third of all cases of malnutrition worldwide.

Industrial laundry detergents are widely used in the industrial sector to remove tough soils and stains from fabrics. Although soap has been used to wash clothes since times immemorial, the first commercial detergent for home use was not launched until after World War II. Several laundry detergent manufacturers emerged during the post-World War II era to shape a global market that is mature in developed countries but still expanding in developing countries.

The growth in the global population is driving the demand for food in the past decade. The demand for food grains is expected to grow by 59−98% by 2050. This will change the face of agricultural markets in ways that we may not have seen before. Farmers worldwide are expected to increase crop production either by raising the quantity of agricultural land to grow crops or by enhancing productivity on existing agricultural lands through fertilizers, irrigation techniques, and adopting new methods such as precision farming.

Data centers are the backbone of online business operations and consumers. The growth in data centers is aided by the increased usage of the internet for personal and business purposes by consumers through smartphones and high-speed broadband connectivity.

A membrane bioreactor works on an advanced wastewater treatment technology, which integrates membrane separation with biological wastewater treatment. It is a combination of a suspended growth biological treatment method and an activated sludge, including membrane filtration equipment, usually low-pressure ultrafiltration (UF) or microfiltration (MF) membranes. The membranes are used to execute the critical solid-liquid separation function. In activated sludge systems, this is usually achieved using tertiary and secondary clarifiers along with tertiary filtration. The two common types of membrane bioreactor systems are gravity-driven or vacuum and pressure-driven systems. Gravity-driven or vacuum bioreactors are immersed and usually use flat sheet or hollow fiber membranes installed in either the bioreactor or subsequent membrane tank. Pressure-driven systems are in-pipe cartridge systems situated on the exterior of the bioreactor.

The 21st century has often been described as a century of biological discovery and development – the century of biology. It is estimated that every six months, the world’s laboratories generate more biological data than has ever been created in human history. The ensuing discoveries and their applications will change human life forever. Laboratory automation is one of the segments, which is revolutionizing the diagnostics, biopharma, research & development (R&D) processes.

Medication errors and adverse drug events are significant public health concerns posing a threat to patient safety across the world. The use of technology is an important intervention in improving the management of medications, thereby reducing medication errors and adverse events and further improve patient safety. Latest medical technologies are aiding the development of new healthcare models that will benefit the healthcare sector and patients. New technologies can improve disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, facilitate patient safety, and improve health systems’ coordination, use of resources, and sustainability and reduce waiting time and errors. Rapid and reliable information and communication technologies (ICTs) have become vital components in improving the quality of health care. The use of technology in health has led to the development of medication management systems.

Oleochemicals are chemicals derived from plant and animal oils. Oleochemicals include the formation of basic oleochemical substances like fatty acids, fatty alcohols, glycerine, methyl esters, and others. Intermediate chemical substances produced from the basic oleochemical substances include alcohol ethoxylates, alcohol sulfates, alcohol ether sulfates, quaternary ammonium salts, monoacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, structured triacylglycerols, sugar esters, and other oleochemical products. Oleochemicals are biodegradable, eco-friendly, and less toxic. The major oleochemicals are fatty acids, fatty alcohols, methyl esters, and glycerines, which are referred to as basic oleochemicals.