Single-layer graphene sheets have significantly broadened the horizon of nanotechnology with the unique electronic, optical, quantum mechanical and mechanical properties associated with the two-dimensional atomic crystal structure. To best utilize this material for practical applications, it is crucial to prevent the spontaneous aggregation between individual graphene sheets while composite materials are formed. Numerous efforts have been made to stabilize functionalized graphene sheets on molecular or polymeric species. Biomolecules such as DNA and proteins have also been grafted onto graphene planes and used for biosensors, controlled drug-delivery as well as cancer imaging. As well as biomedical applications, graphene sheets can also be hybridized with biomolecules into energy-storage devices to increase the conductivity of the active materials that are often insulators. In previous work, ultrasonication or chemical reduction, followed by heat treatment, have been adopted to achieve composites between graphene and various materials (e.g., LiFePO4 and SnO2). However, due to the non-specific nature of the interactions between the graphene templates and active materials, it is expected that only random and inhomogeneous contacts are created, leaving the segregation on nano- or even sub-micrometer levels.

关键词：储能；混合动力系统；原子结构；生物分子；晶体结构；活性材料；传感器；基因工程

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Tamoxifen, the first targeted therapy, has shown great success in treating estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer. However, both acquired and de novo resistance to this therapy prevents it from being effective in all situations. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that increased signaling through growth factor pathways, such as the IGF pathway, mediates resistance to tamoxifen. The link between ER and ICGF1R leads us to hypothesize that IGF system crosstalk with the ER contributes to tamoxifen resistance. Tamoxifen resistance has thus provided researchers with a reason to investigate other growth factor pathways involved in breast cancer. As new targeted therapies are being developed, it will be important to examine their benefit with existing therapies. In order to examine the effectiveness of anti-IGF1R inhibitors in vitro, tamoxifen resistant (TamR) cells were generated by culturing MCF-7L and T47D cells in the presence of 4-OH-tamoxifen for >6 months. TamR cells had dimished levels of IGF1R, with unchanged levels of insulin receptor (IR). Further, TamR cells failed to respond to IGF-I induced p-AKT activation, while retaining responsiveness to both insulin and IGF-II. Additionally, IGF-I failed to enhance the proliferation and anchorage-independent growth of TamR cells; however, both insulin and IGF-II were able to enhance proliferation in MCF
anchorage-independent growth. An IGF1R antibody was effective in inhibiting signaling, anchorage-independent growth, and proliferation in MCF-7L cells, but had no effect in TamR cells. In contract, an IGF1R/TR tyrosine kinase inhibitor was effective in both MCF-7L and TamR cells. In a xenograft model, an IGF1R antibody was able to inhibit estrogen stimulated tumor growth, but had no additive effect when combined with tamoxifen treatment. Further, tamoxifen-treated xenografts had diminished IGF1R levels.

关键词：治疗技术；胰岛素；乳腺癌细胞

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The Value Prior to Pulping (VPP) project goal was to demonstrate the technical and commercial feasibility of introducing a new value stream into existing pulp and paper mills. Essentially the intent was to transfer the energy content of extracted hemicellulose from electricity and steam generated in the recovery boiler to a liquid transportation fuel. The hemicellulose fraction was extracted prior to pulping, fractionated, or conditioned if necessary, and fermented to ethanol. Commercial adaptation of the process to wood hemicelluloses was a prerequisite for using this less currently valued component available from biomass and wood. These hemicelluloses are predominately glucurono-xylan in hardwoods and galactoglucomannan in softwoods (with a significant softwood component of an arabino-xylan) and will yield fermentation substrates different from cellulose. NREL provided its expertise in the area of fermentation host evaluation using its Zymomonas strains on the CleanTech Partner's (CTP) VPP project. The project was focused on the production of fuel ethanol and acetic acid from hemicellulose streams generated from wood chips of industrially important hardwood and softwood species. NREL was one of four partners whose ethanologen was tested on the hydrolyzed extracts. The use of commercially available enzymes to treat oligomeric sugar extracts was also investigated and coupled with fermentation. Fermentations by NREL were conducted with the Zymomonas mobilis organism with most of the work being performed with the 8b strain. The wood extracts hydrolyzed and/or fermented by NREL were those derived from maple, mixed southern hardwoods, and loblolly pine. An unhydrolyzed variant of the mixed southern hardwood extract possessed a large concentration of oligomeric sugars and enzymatic hydrolysis was performed with a number of enzymes, followed by fermentation. The fermentation of the wood extracts was carried out at bench scale in flasks or small bioreactors, with a maximum volume of 500 mL.

关键词：生物质燃料；纤维素；乙酸；酶法水解；半纤维素

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Cofiring of biomass and coal at electrical generation facilities is gaining in importance as a means of reducing fossil fuel consumption, and more than 40 facilities in the United States have conducted test burns. Given the large size of many coal plants, cofiring at even low rates has the potential to utilize relatively large volumes of biomass. This could have important forest management implications if harvest residues or salvage timber are supplied to coal plants. Other feedstocks suitable for cofiring include wood products manufacturing residues, woody municipal wastes, agricultural residues, short-rotation intensive culture forests, or hazard fuel removals. Cofiring at low rates can often be done with minimal changes to plant handling and processing equipment, requiring little capital investment. Cofiring at higher rates can involve repowering entire burners to burn biomass in place of coal, or in some cases, repowering entire powerplants. Our research evaluates the current status of biomass cofiring in North America, identifying current trends and success stories, types of biomass used, coal plant sizes, and primary cofiring regions. We also identify potential barriers to cofiring. Results are presented for more than a dozen plants that are currently cofiring or have recently announced plans to cofire.

关键词：生物质能；化石燃料；燃烧；工厂排放

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The study analyzes the potential market penetration in Arizona of various types of alternate energy vehicles. The market penetration is analyzed in terms of changes in the price of fuel, tax incentives, costs of conversion and consumer attitudes. Short term market penetration, in the absence of legal intervention, is expected to amount to a very small fraction of the total operating fleet of motor vehicles.

关键词：能源汽车；燃料；价格

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The Wilms' tumor gene, WT1, encodes transcription factors that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. WT1 protein is highly expressed in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), and is a rational target for immunotherapy. We have developed a vaccine comprised of four WT1 heteroclitic peptides that are given together with Montanide and GM-CSF as immunologic adjuvants. This WT1 vaccine was previously tested in a small pilot trial, and shown to be safe and immunogenic. We have chosen to test the efficacy of this vaccine in MPM patients who have minimal disease burden after completion of multimodality therapy, but remain at exceedingly high risk for recurrence. The specific aim of this project is to conduct a multicenter, blinded, randomized trial comparing treatment with the WT-1 peptide vaccine + Montanide/GM-CSF to treatment with Montanide/GM-CSF alone in patients with MPM who have completed multimodality therapy. The primary endpoint is progression free survival. The trial has opened at Memorial Sloan-Kettering and is actively enrolling patients.

关键词：疫苗；恶性胸膜间皮瘤；多学科治疗

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In the United States, annual vaccination against seasonal influenza is recommended for all persons older than 26 months. Each season since 2004-05, CDC has estimated the effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine to prevent influenza-associated, medically attended acute respiratory infection (ARI). This season, early data from 1,155 children and adults with ARI enrolled during December 3, 2012-January 2, 2013 were used to estimate the overall effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine for preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infection associated with medically attended ARI. After adjustment for study site, but not for other factors, the estimated vaccine effectiveness (VE) was 62(95confidence intervals (CIs) = 51-71). This interim estimate indicates moderate effectiveness, and is similar to a summary VE estimate from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trial data; final estimates likely will differ slightly. As of January 11, 2013, 24 states and New York City were reporting high levels of influenza-like illness, 16 states were reporting moderate levels, five states were reporting low levels, and one state was reporting minimal levels. CDC and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices routinely recommend that annual influenza vaccination efforts continue as long as influenza viruses are circulating. Persons older than 6 months who have not yet been vaccinated this season should be vaccinated. However, these early VE estimates underscore that some vaccinated persons will become infected with influenza; therefore, antiviral medications should be used as recommended for treatment in patients, regardless of vaccination status. In addition, these results highlight the importance of continued efforts to develop more effective vaccines.

关键词：疫苗；季节性流感；美国

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Based on the data we have generated in the first six months of the project, we believe we have exceeded the milestones for this project. Initial genetic constructs for the Herceptin IgG human antibody were made and transformed into Trichoderma reesei. These strains were screened for antibody production in shake flasks. A few of the strains were tested at the 14-liter fermentation scale. We have been able to produce over 3 g/L of full length IgG as determined by ELISA. We have produced 0.7 g/L of a non-glycosylated variant of the Herceptin IgG human antibody at 14L scale. A number of different genetic constructs have also been made to optimize the Kex2 cleavage site. Our best constructs show greater than 90cleavage of the fusion proteins to products. Our data indicate that Trichoderma reesei is an efficient host for the production of antibodies

关键词：疫苗；单克隆抗体；应急医药

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This meeting of the Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee (VRBPAC) is being held to discuss the use of cell lines derived from human tumors as substrates for the production of preventive viral vaccines. Over the last decade, it has become clear that the current repertoire of cell substrates is inadequate to manufacture the next generation of viral vaccines (i.e., certain viruses cannot be propagated or grow poorly in the available cell lines). Therefore, manufacturers have submitted additional cell lines to the FDA for consideration for use in the production of viral vaccines. All of the new mammalian cell lines being considered are immortal, having been transformed by various oncogenes or are spontaneously immortalized, and some are derived from human tumors. Over the last 15 years, when new types of cell substrates have been proposed, starting in 1998, CBER has presented its review approach to the Advisory Committee to address the issues raised first by the use of immortalized mammalian cell lines and then tumorigenic cell lines. The purpose of those discussions with the Advisory Committee was to obtain their input and to make public a discussion of the issues. This current VRBPAC meeting is a continuation of this process.

关键词：疫苗；人类肿瘤；FDA简报

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This guide gets you started with a typical installation for Microsoft? Dynamics? CRM v2011 using a script package and defines the requirements of this automation in IBM? PureApplication? System.

关键词：脚本包；Dynamics CRM v2011；IBM模式实验室

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