Prepared by the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) Office of Research, Demonstration, and Innovation (TRI), this report summarizes the accomplishments of fuel-cell-transit-bus-related research and demonstrations projects supported by FTA through 2011. It catalogs fuel cell electric bus research projects in the United States and describes their impact on commercialization of fuel cell power systems and electric propulsion for transit buses. Few barriers remain to reaching full commercialization of fuel cell electric buses. This report documents progress toward overcoming these barriers.

关键词：燃料电池；混合动力公交车；能源管理

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Zero-calorie sweeteners are sugar substitutes which are used in food, beverage, and pharmaceutical products as additives to duplicate the effect of sugar. These calorie-free sweeteners help in leading a healthy life. Zero-calorie sweeteners can be both artificial and natural. The US FDA has approved the use of the following six artificial sweeteners: aspartame, sucralose, Ace-K, cyclamate, neotame, and saccharin. Besides these, there are other new sweeteners that are emerging in the market such as monk fruit and monatin. Demand for natural zero-calorie sweeteners is increasing rapidly in the market, especially for stevia-based sweeteners as they are considered to be more nutritive and safe to consume. Zero-calorie sweeteners deliver the same taste as other sugars and sweeteners without adding calories and are a healthy option for diabetics and obese people

关键词：零热量；甜味剂；添加剂

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The Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle is a new spacecraft being designed by NASA and Lockheed Martin for future crewed exploration missions. The Vision Navigation Sensor is a Flash LIDAR that will be the primary relative navigation sensor for this vehicle. To obtain a better understanding of this sensor's performance, the Orion relative navigation team has performed both flight tests and ground tests. This paper summarizes and compares the performance results from the STS-134 flight test, called the Sensor Test for Orion RelNav Risk Mitigation (STORRM) Development Test Objective, and the ground tests at the Space Operations Simulation Center.

关键词：光机电；传感器；STS-134；空间操作仿真中心

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The novelly designed optical sensor for autonomous ocean monitoring works on equilibrium principles. When the pH-sensitive reagent solution sitting behind a gas-permeable membrane is exposed to seawater, the CO2 molecules present in the seawater diffuse across the membrane into the reagent and induce a pH change. After equilibrium is reached, the fluorescence is measured and the pCO2 data are recovered from a calibration curve. A specific feature of our measurement technique is the use of excitation ratiometric approach. A violet LED (Light Emitting Diode) and a blue LED are used to excite the sensing reagent through an excitation filter and the pCO2 dependent emission is measured through an emission filter by a photodiode.

关键词：光机电；传感器；光学二氧化碳；海洋监测

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In 2009/2010 NASA developed Technology Roadmaps.Technology Area 8 was Science Instruments, Observatories & Sensors Systems (SIOSS).SIOSS included:Technology Area Breakdown Structure (TABS);Key Technical Challenges;Roadmaps for Each Level 1 TABS.

关键词：光机电；传感器；天文台；NRC技术路线图

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One-dimensional fiber-bundle arrays may prove useful in a number of radiation sensing applications where radiation detection over large areas is needed. Tests have been performed to evaluate the light generation and transmission characteristics of 15-meter long, 10-fiber bundles of BCF-10, BCF-12, and BCF-20 scintillating fibers (Saint Gobain) exposed to collimated gamma-ray sources. The test set-up used one R9800 (Hamamatsu) photomultiplier tube (PMT) at each end, with a high-speed waveform digitizer to collect data. Time constraints were imposed on the waveform data to perform time-of-flight analysis of the events in the fiber bundles, eliminating spurious noise pulses in the high gain PMTs and also allowing 1-dimensional localization of interactions along the lengths of the fiber bundles. This paper will present the results of these measurements including the attenuation coefficients of the three fiber types and the timing resolution (position uncertainty) possible for each fiber bundle when using the R9800 PMTs.

关键词：光机电；传感器；光纤阵列；单维

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Fish passage conditions through a Kaplan turbine and spillway fish weir at Foster Dam, located on the South Santiam River in Linn County, Oregon, were evaluated by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District, using Sensor Fish devices. The objective of the study was to describe and compare passage exposure conditions, identifying potential fish injury regions encountered during passage via specific routes. The investigation was performed in May 2012, concurrent with HI-Z balloon-tag studies by Normandeau Associates, Inc. Sensor Fish data were analyzed to characterize the passage exposure conditions through the spillway fish weir and turbine Unit 1 at Foster Dam at two forebay pool elevations (616 and 634 ft mean sea level (MSL)) and to estimate data relationships with live fish injury and mortality estimates. For the spillway fish weir evaluation, Sensor Fish and live fish were deployed through injection system piping mounted on the weir. The bottom of the injection pipe was at an elevation of approximately 614 ft during testing at the 616-ft MSL (low) forebay elevation and at 632 ft during the 634-ft MSL (high) forebay level tests. Two systems were useda 4-in. pipe for juvenile fish releases and an 8-in. pipe for adult releases at each elevation.

关键词：传感器；鱼

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The Dempster-Shafer Theory, a generalization of the Bayesian theory, is based on the idea of belief and as such can handle ignorance. When all of the required information is available, many data fusion methods provide a solid approach. Yet, most do not have a good way of dealing with ignorance. In the absence of information, these methods must then make assumptions about the sensor data. However, the real data may not fit well within the assumed model. Consequently, the results are often unsatisfactory and inconsistent. The Dempster-Shafer Theory is not hindered by incomplete models or by the lack of prior information. Evidence is assigned based solely on what is known, and nothing is assumed. Hence, it can provide a fast and accurate means for multi-sensor fusion with ignorance. In this research, we apply the Dempster-Shafer Theory in target tracking and in gait analysis. We also discuss the Dempster-Shafer framework for fusing data from a Global Positioning System(GPS) and an Inertial Measurement Unit(IMU) sensor unit for precise local navigation. Within this application,we present solutions where GPS outages occur.

关键词：数据融合；不确定性；多传感器；随机过程

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Single-layer graphene sheets have significantly broadened the horizon of nanotechnology with the unique electronic, optical, quantum mechanical and mechanical properties associated with the two-dimensional atomic crystal structure. To best utilize this material for practical applications, it is crucial to prevent the spontaneous aggregation between individual graphene sheets while composite materials are formed. Numerous efforts have been made to stabilize functionalized graphene sheets on molecular or polymeric species. Biomolecules such as DNA and proteins have also been grafted onto graphene planes and used for biosensors, controlled drug-delivery as well as cancer imaging. As well as biomedical applications, graphene sheets can also be hybridized with biomolecules into energy-storage devices to increase the conductivity of the active materials that are often insulators. In previous work, ultrasonication or chemical reduction, followed by heat treatment, have been adopted to achieve composites between graphene and various materials (e.g., LiFePO4 and SnO2). However, due to the non-specific nature of the interactions between the graphene templates and active materials, it is expected that only random and inhomogeneous contacts are created, leaving the segregation on nano- or even sub-micrometer levels.

关键词：储能；混合动力系统；原子结构；生物分子；晶体结构；活性材料；传感器；基因工程

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Tamoxifen, the first targeted therapy, has shown great success in treating estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer. However, both acquired and de novo resistance to this therapy prevents it from being effective in all situations. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that increased signaling through growth factor pathways, such as the IGF pathway, mediates resistance to tamoxifen. The link between ER and ICGF1R leads us to hypothesize that IGF system crosstalk with the ER contributes to tamoxifen resistance. Tamoxifen resistance has thus provided researchers with a reason to investigate other growth factor pathways involved in breast cancer. As new targeted therapies are being developed, it will be important to examine their benefit with existing therapies. In order to examine the effectiveness of anti-IGF1R inhibitors in vitro, tamoxifen resistant (TamR) cells were generated by culturing MCF-7L and T47D cells in the presence of 4-OH-tamoxifen for >6 months. TamR cells had dimished levels of IGF1R, with unchanged levels of insulin receptor (IR). Further, TamR cells failed to respond to IGF-I induced p-AKT activation, while retaining responsiveness to both insulin and IGF-II. Additionally, IGF-I failed to enhance the proliferation and anchorage-independent growth of TamR cells; however, both insulin and IGF-II were able to enhance proliferation in MCF
anchorage-independent growth. An IGF1R antibody was effective in inhibiting signaling, anchorage-independent growth, and proliferation in MCF-7L cells, but had no effect in TamR cells. In contract, an IGF1R/TR tyrosine kinase inhibitor was effective in both MCF-7L and TamR cells. In a xenograft model, an IGF1R antibody was able to inhibit estrogen stimulated tumor growth, but had no additive effect when combined with tamoxifen treatment. Further, tamoxifen-treated xenografts had diminished IGF1R levels.

关键词：治疗技术；胰岛素；乳腺癌细胞

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