Laser refers to light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, which produces a coherent, collimated, and monochromatic beam of light by exciting atoms to a higher energy level. Lasers are distinguished from other light sources by their coherence. Spatial coherence property of laser enables it to stay narrow over great distances and allows it to be focused on a tight spot. As a result of these properties, they are widely used in applications such as laser pointers, laser cutting, and lithography. Lasers are classified based on the type of lasing medium they use such as gas, optical fiber, solid state, and semiconductor.

A 股计算机行业主要反映政企的IT 需求，在经济下行的过程中，IT 支出作为可选支出需求有显著影响；而且中国的政府部门及大型企业信息化经过20 多年的发展在相对成熟。在IT 需求增速减缓的过程中，行业集中度有所提升的龙头公司的增长超过整个行业。另外，因为A 股的IT 行业上市公司中，相对稀缺的产品型公司在成长之后的规模经济显著。在当前的行业背景下，建议投资关注龙头公司和产品型公司。

ATCA is an industry standard specification developed by the PICMG for nextgeneration CG communications equipment. PICMG is an association of numerous companies and organizations, which collaboratively develop open standards for highperformance telecommunications, military, industrial, and general-purpose embedded computing applications. PICMG’s original motto was to extend the PCI standard to non-desktop applications. Some of the major standard families developed by PICMG comprise CompactPCI, AdvancedTCA, MicroTCA, AdvancedMC, CompactPCI Serial, COM Express, SHB Express, and HPM.

Aerospace fasteners have evolved over the years with the constantly changing aerospace industry. These components are widely used in commercial and military aircraft, ballistic missiles, rockets, and associated aftermarket services. The aerospace industry employs a wide range of fasteners such as bolts, nuts, screws, rivets, and pins.

UTIs are the most common type of HAI that occur after urinary catheterization. The placement of a catheter into the urinary bladder through the urethra to deliver medication and to empty urine is known as catheterization. A healthy urinary bladder is sterile with no harmful micro-organisms or another bacteria present. Although bacteria may surround the urethra, they cannot enter the bladder. However, a catheter can pick up bacteria from the urethra and give them an easy route to enter the bladder, which causes infection. The most common UTI infections are caused by the bacteria present in the intestinal tract. Patients who take antibiotics and with a weak immune system have a high risk for UTI caused by a fungus called candida.

Chip-scale packaging (CSP) emerged in the 1990s. By 1998, wafer-level CSPs emerged as the most preferred form of chip packaging solutions due to their low cost benefits in applications, ranging from application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) and microprocessors to electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM). WLP is one of the key trending technologies used for CSP and is gaining popularity among fabless and foundry companies globally. The major benefit of WLP is that wafer fabrication and testing is done on the wafer itself, reducing the cost of WLP with increasing wafer size and decreasing die size.

I/O modules connect field devices such as actuators, sensors, and drives to controllers such as PLCs, PCs, and DCS. The physical media by which an I/O module connection is established depends on application and bus/network. The most common media used to connect I/O modules to controllers include the following:  Two-wire shielded, Two-wire twisted shielded, Two-wire unshielded, Four wire shielded.

Catastrophe insurance helps in protecting residences and businesses against natural disasters like hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, and against man-made disasters such as terrorist attacks. Generally, catastrophe insurance has a low probability that involves high-cost events. These high-cost events are excluded from the standard hazard insurance policies. It is difficult to estimate the total potential cost of an insured loss thereby making it difficult for the catastrophe insurance issuers to effectively manage risk. Retrocession and reinsurance are used with catastrophe insurance to manage catastrophe risk.

Security of data and financial assets have been a key concern for banks as well as for customers. Numeric keypads, keys, and identity badges were widely used to prevent unauthorized access to data and premises. With technological advancements, twofactor authentication was introduced, where individuals could gain access to secure premises after they are authenticated twice, via hardware devices and numeric codes. However, hackers can gain access to hardware devices and obtain numeric codes, which increases the security risks, especially in the BFSI sector.