A Fuel Cycle Research and Development project has investigated an innovative sampling method that could evolve into the next generation sampling and analysis system for metallic elements present in aqueous processing streams. Initially sampling technologies were evaluated and microfluidics sampling chip technology was selected and tested. A conceptual design for a fully automated microcapillary-based system was completed and a robotic automated sampling system was fabricated. The mechanical and sampling operation of the completed sampling system was investigated. In addition, the production of a less expensive, mass produced sampling chip was investigated to avoid chip reuse thus increasing sampling reproducibility/accuracy. The microfluidic based robotic sampling systems mechanical elements were tested to ensure analytical reproducibility and the optimum robotic handling of microfluidic sampling chips.

关键词：燃料循环；微流控；采样；制造；热电池

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We report the vapor-phase IR absorptivity coefficient of the vesicant chemical agent, HN1. The data are provided at a spectral resolution of 0.25 cm 1 (data spacing of 0.125 cm 1). We describe the methods used to generate the spectra, process the raw data, and provide a comparison to ellipsometry measurements of the linear absorptivity coefficient of the compound.

关键词：红外辐射；芥末剂；气相；吸收系数

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Petroleum-based liquid hydrocarbons is exclusively major energy source in the transportation sector. Thus, it is the major CO(sub 2) source which is the associated with greenhouse effect. In the United States alone, petroleum consumption in the transportation sector approaches 13.8 million barrels per day (Mbbl/d). It is corresponding to a release of 0.53 gigatons of carbon per year (GtC/yr), which accounts for approximate 7.6 % of the current global release of CO(sub 2) from all of the fossil fuel usage (7 GtC/yr). For the long term, the conventional petroleum production is predicted to peak in as little as the next 10 years to as high as the next 50 years. Negative environmental consequences, the frequently roaring petroleum prices, increasing petroleum utilization and concerns about competitive supplies of petroleum have driven dramatic interest in producing alternative transportation fuels, such as electricity-based, hydrogen-based and bio-based transportation alternative fuels. Use of either of electricity-based or hydrogen-based alternative energy in the transportation sector is currently laden with technical and economical challenges. The current energy density of commercial batteries is 175 Wh/kg of battery. At a storage pressure of 680 atm, the lower heating value (LHV) of H(sub 2) is 1.32 kWh/liter.

关键词：电池；温室效应；碳氢化合物；可再生能源

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The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy has defined milestones for its Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO) technology programs. This report provides estimates of the benefits that would accrue from achieving these milestones relative to a base case that represents a future in which there is no VTO-supported vehicle technology development. This was done by estimating fuel use, primary energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from light-, medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, including energy and GHG emissions from fuel production for the base case and the program target case. The target case represented the future with completely successful deployment of VTO technologies. Market penetrations of different vehicle types with and without VTO technologies were projected using market share models, and a stock and energy accounting model was used to make projections of energy consumption and GHG emissions for the base and target cases. The differences between the base case and the target case were attributed to VTO technologies. Improvements in fuel economy of various vehicle types were attributed to individual VTO technology areas, which included batteries and electric drives, advanced combustion engines, fuels and lubricants, materials (i.e., reducing vehicle mass, also called lightweighting), and for medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, reduction in rolling and aerodynamic resistance.

关键词：电池；电动工具排放；能源消耗

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Electrolytes play a central role in performance and aging in most electrochemical systems. As automotive and grid applications place a higher reliance on electrochemical stored energy, it becomes more urgent to have electrolyte components that enable optimal battery performance while promoting battery safety and longevity. Safety remains a foremost concern for widespread utilization of Li-ion technology in electric-drive vehicles, especially as the focus turns to higher voltage systems (5V). This work capitalizes on the long established INL expertise regarding phosphazene chemistry, aimed at battery-viable compounds for electrolytes and electrodes that are highly tolerant to abusive conditions. This report showcases our 2013 work for the DOE applied battery research (ABR) program, wherein testing results are summarized for INL electrolytes and alternative anode materials.

关键词：衰老；阳极；电化学；电解质；储能

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Due to fire hazard safety concerns, the National Electrical Code requires arc-fault protection for the dc wiring associated with solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. In order to meet the $1/watt goal of the DOE SunShot Initiative, arc fault protection must be provided within the context of $0.40/watt balance of system and $0.10/watt power electronics costs. A highly integrated arc fault detector and circuit interrupter is the best solution to address the safety needs of the industry while still allowing the lowest possible levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for both new installations and retrofit applications.

关键词：探测器；电弧；电线；电气故障；火灾

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Ferritic stainless steels are promising candidates for IT-SOFC interconnect applications due to their low cost and resistance to oxidation at SOFC operating temperatures. However, steel candidates face several challenges, including long term oxidation under interconnect exposure conditions, which can lead to increased electrical resistance, surface instability, and poisoning of cathodes due to volatilization of Cr. To potentially extend interconnect lifetime and improve performance, a variety of surface treatments were performed on AISI 441 ferritic stainless steel coupons prior to application of a protective spinel coating. The coated coupons were then subjected to oxidation testing at 800 and 850 degrees C in air, and electrical testing at 800 deg C in air. While all of the surface-treatments resulted in improved surface stability (i.e., increased spallation resistance) compared to untreated AISI 441, the greatest degree of improvement (through 20,000 hours of testing at 800 deg C and 14,000 hours of testing at 850 deg C) was achieved by surface blasting.

关键词：合金；尖晶石；不锈钢；表面处理；涂料

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LGFCS is developing an integrated planar (IP) SOFC technology for mega-watt scale power generation including the potential for use in highly efficient, economically competitive central generation power plant facilities fuel by coal synthesis gas. This Department of Energy Solid-State Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA) program is aimed at achieving further cell and stack technical advancements and assessing the readiness of the LGFCS SOFC stack technology to be scaled to larger-scale demonstrations in subsequent phases. LGFCS is currently in Phase 2 of the program with the Phase 1 test carrying over for completion during Phase 2.

关键词：固体氧化物燃料电池；煤；能源转换；燃料

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The Dust, Thermal and Radiation Engineering Measurement (DTREM) packages (figure 1) mounted on the central stations of the Apollo 11, 12, 14, and 15 ALSEPs (Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Packages) measured the outputs of exposed solar cells and thermistors over time. The goal of the experiment, also commonly known as the dust detector, was to study the long-term effects of dust, radiation, and temperature at the lunar surface on solar cells. The monitors returned data for up to almost 8 years from the lunar surface.

关键词：数据处理；数字数据；月球尘埃；辐射效应

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Increased demands for cleaner burning energy, coupled with the relatively recent technological advances in accessing unconventional hydrocarbon-rich geologic formations, have led to an intense effort to find and extract natural gas from various underground sources around the country. One of these sources, the Marcellus Shale, located in the Allegheny Plateau, is currently undergoing extensive drilling and production. The technology used to extract gas in the Marcellus Shale is known as hydraulic fracturing and has garnered much attention because of its use of large amounts of fresh water, its use of proprietary fluids for the hydraulic-fracturing process, its potential to release contaminants into the environment, and its potential effect on water resources. Nonetheless, development of natural gas extraction wells in the Marcellus Shale is only part of the overall natural gas story in this area of Pennsylvania. Conventional natural gas wells, which sometimes use the same technique, are commonly located in the same general area as the Marcellus Shale and are frequently developed in clusters across the landscape. The combined effects of these two natural gas extraction methods create potentially serious patterns of disturbance on the landscape. This document quantifies the landscape changes and consequences of natural gas extraction for Somerset County and Westmoreland County in Pennsylvania between 2004 and 2010. Patterns of landscape disturbance related to natural gas extraction activities were collected and digitized using National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) imagery for 2004, 2005/2006, 2008, and 2010. The disturbance patterns were then used to measure changes in land cover and land use using the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) of 2001. A series of landscape metrics is also used to quantify these changes and is included in this publication.

关键词：天然气；景观；提取物；干扰；;破碎；方法论

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