Spectroscopy is the study of interactions between matter (atom or mass) and electromagnetic radiation. It involves the study of different spectrums of light like infrared, ultraviolet, and visible. A spectrometer is an apparatus that measures spectrum and then accordingly calculates the wavelength, frequency, energy, momentum, and mass of the material. The three main parameters that are measured by a spectrometer are:

Surge protection devices are used in electrical installation protection systems. This equipment is designed to prevent the flow of excess voltage into the circuit. Whenever there is a flow of overvoltage, the surge protection device transmits the excess current flow to the earth and thus protects the electrical appliance.

A system on chip (SoC) is a microchip with all the necessary electronic circuits and components that make a complete system. It is an integration of multiple cores like a microprocessor, digital signal processor, RAM, ROM, flash memory, oscillators, timers, external interfaces, power management circuits, and analog components onto a single chip.

The virtual reality (VR) can be experienced using a head-mounted display (HMD) or glasses which display 3D experiences as part of their image. Some HMDs and glasses have options for additional sensory input in the form of audio or video. New forms of human-machine interactions are possible through the VR technology.

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) packaging is used for devices or products to prevent them from being damaged by ESD. ESD is the sudden flow of electricity between two electrically charged objects. This flow of electricity may result in the damage of devices. The charge can be caused mainly because of the following reasons:

Hydraulic valves control the flow of fluid in a hydraulic machine; thereby, maintaining the required pressure in the system. These valves have spools that slide to different positions to control the flow of fluid. Based on application, directional valves, pressure valves, and flow valves are key types of hydraulic valves. Hydraulic control valves are designed to be stackable. Each output valve is used for a particular operation, while input valves supply fluid. Control valves have a high tolerance for pressure and the ability to prevent fluid leakage. Therefore, these valves are expensive than other parts of a hydraulic system.

The global hydraulic hose and fittings market is expected to grow at a steady pace during the forecast period. In 2016, the application of hydraulic hose and fittings in the construction equipment, among the end-users, accounted for the major share of the global market with 31.59% share. Construction machinery like cranes, mini excavators, construction excavators, backhoe loaders, wheel loaders, motor graders, and other general machinery contributed significantly to the growth of the market. The growing emphasis on infrastructure development is going to drive the global market for hydraulic hose and fittings. This will pertain to the demand of new construction equipment and replacement of the old equipment.

The manufacturing industry has witnessed radical changes in processes that are used to manufacture products. Earlier, goods were produced with bare hands. Subsequently, with advances in technology, machines were used to produce goods. This shift in production techniques is termed as the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution has its roots in England, where it began in the 18th century and spread beyond national boundaries to neighboring countries such as Germany and France. By the second half of the 18th century, the revolution spread to the US.

Since a long time, manufacturers and industrial users have faced the problem of grit, waste, and metal parts left behind after machining processes. The unwanted materials demanded cleaning and washing to keep the industrial floor space tidy, thus preventing them from harming personnel or assets, and ensuring the final product quality. Manual cleaning of such metal parts or components consumed a considerable amount of time and cost, and also resulted in the loss of productivity. With industries facing the issue of rising labor costs and productivity concerns, automated washing has emerged as a major necessity over the years.

With the increase in older population worldwide, the risk of visual impairment due to chronic eye diseases will increase globally. Vision can be classified into the following