Chip-scale packaging (CSP) emerged in 1990s. Wafer-level CSPs emerged by 1998 and gained popularity due to their low-cost benefits in applications, ranging from application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) and microprocessors to electrically erasable programmable read-only memories (EEPROMs). The major benefit of WLP is that the wafer fabrication and testing are done on the wafer itself, reducing the cost of WLP with increasing wafer size and decreasing die size.

Forging is a manufacturing process wherein a metal is processed by pressing, pounding, and squeezing it under high pressure, thereby transforming the metal into the size and shape required by customers. Th strength of forged parts is higher than those manufactured using other metalworking processes. Forged parts are used in creating parts of equipment that demand high reliability and safety. For instance, they are used in automobiles, aircraft, engines, ships, oil drilling equipment, and missiles.

HVAC chillers help in cooling the commercial establishments. They use either a vapor compression or absorption cycle. Absorption, reciprocating, screw, scroll, and centrifugal are the different types of chillers. Vapor-compressor chillers use hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC) or chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) as refrigerants, which is sent from a compressor to a condenser unit. This transfer allows the gas to condense into a liquid, which is then sent to a metering device. The warm gas is then sent back to the compressor to start the process over again, while the chilled water is used for cooling.

Hydraulic pumps are devices that are used to generate energy in different machines. The pump takes in a fluid and uses the force of the fluid to produce energy that is used to power machines while the fluid is released. In this manner, the mechanical energy of the fluid is converted to hydrostatic energy. The mechanical action of the pump creates a vacuum and lets the atmospheric pressure to force the liquid from the reservoir into the duct. After this pressure is created inside the system, the fluid is forced out of the system.

The global industrial safety sensors market is growing, owing to the increase in the awareness of industrial safety and maintain safety in work environment. Also, strict government safety policies followed by all plants have helped the market to grow. Industrial safety sensors comprise three products such as industrial safety curtains, industrial safety laser scanners, and industrial safety edges. These systems detect human presence and obstacles within the field/perimeter created to safeguard the work environment. These devices are configurable based on the applications of end users.

Optical coatings are a single layer or multiple thin layers of various materials used on optical devices and components. The optical component, which is being coated, is called as a substrate. Optical coatings are deposited in high vacuum by using the resistive heat, ion-assisted deposition, or electro-beam deposition technologies. Optical coating materials consist of various metals such as aluminum, gold, silver, chromium, nickel-chromium; semiconductors such as silicon and germanium; and dielectrics such as sulfides, fluorides, and oxides.

A microphone converts sound into an electrical signal. Microphones have wide applications in hearing aids, automotive, telephones, concert halls, public events, radio, and television broadcasting. Different microphones such as dynamic microphones, condenser microphones, and piezoelectric microphones are currently in use. MEMS microphones are also called silicon microphones. MEMS microphones can sense audio signals in a way similar to electret condenser microphones.

Microwave ablation is an emerging technique in the overall tissue ablation market. The technique provides quicker ablation of large and small tumors and is used for the treatment of inoperable tumors (tumors that cannot be treated surgically). Several antennae that are used to perform microwave ablation are small, and designed with precise targeting power to prevent healthy tissues from damage. Microwave ablation is widely used in treating liver, kidney, lung, and breast cancers.

Military fitness equipment constitutes machines for workout and devices that help in monitoring soldiers' physical exercises. It helps in improving the stamina, developing muscular strength, and joint flexibility of military personnel and maintaining mental strength and agility.

Machine tools play a dominant role in the manufacturing industry and are part of almost every metal processing application. They are used for cutting and shaping metals and other materials to the specification provided by the product manufacturers. The machine tools help to process and manufacture critical components with utmost accuracy and ease. Based on the criticality of the operation, conventional or computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools are used.