World war II gave rise to many advances, including healthcare specialization. In 1948, now called the American Academy of Family Physicians created the first U.S. CME credit system, which required 150 hours of CME for re-election to the membership every three years. In 1968, the American Medical Association came out with its Physician Recognition Award Categories 1 and 2, followed in 1972 by the American Osteopathic Association establishing categories of credit. Then, in 1981, along came the Accreditation Council for CME, which was created by the other medical organizations to provide a form of professional self-regulation for now 2,000 accredited providers of CME.

覆铜板厂商涨价动力有望减缓，PCB厂商成本压力最大时点已过。覆铜板技术壁垒高，CR10为73%相对集中；PCB定制程度高/客户黏性强，格局分散(CR10<36%)，因而覆铜板厂商议价能力强于PCB厂商。目前各原材料价格已达历史高位，继续上涨空间有限，并且覆铜板厂商在原材料涨价后已基本转移成本压力并提升毛利率，继续涨价动力有望减缓。PCB厂商成本压力最大的时点已过，有望通过新订单加价、产品结构调整，修复业绩。

我国“未富先老”老龄化到来，使得养老市场出现了“冰火两重天”局面，一方面是高空置率的养老设施，另一方面是老人排队等床现象，因此本文试图通过PPP模式与养老行业嫁接，形成养老行业PPP模式。首先，从养老行业发展现状入手，理清养老行业发展存在的瓶颈和难点；其次，通过比较PPP模式特征与养老行业属性匹配性，构建养老PPP模式，从而政府与企业获得“双赢”；再次，通过部分城市或省份先行先试养老PPP模式，证明养老PPP模式在实践中的可行性；最后，从顶层设计对养老PPP模式进行支持，实现PPP模式在政策上的可行性。

环境卫生是城市典型的市政公用事业，关系城市环境和居民健康，具有极强的公益性。在国家大力推广PPP模式的背景下，环卫领域也在积极采用PPP模式引入社会资本，“专业的人做专业的事”，提高环卫服务供给效率和质量。本文对城市环卫领域PPP实践结合具体案例进行了总结和分析，据此提出环卫PPP操作要点及完善建议。