The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) Association predicts that there will be nearly 50 billion connected devices by 2025, nearly ten times the worlds predicted human population. ABI estimates that through 2012, Machine-to-Machine connected devices will grow by 100m units per year by 2012.1 An M2M module uses a device to capture an event (temperature, activation of airbags, etc.), which is relayed through a network, either wireless or wired, to an application, such as a software program, that translates the captured event into meaningful information (e.g., ice warning, crash notification). An M2M device typically converts analog sensor data into internet protocol (IP) packets for transmission over a communications medium. M2M applications are often characterized by the absence of a human decision maker directly controlling communications intensity, frequency and costs, though there are M2M applications in the transportation sector that also require interaction with drivers. M2M devices can be transmitted over a variety of communications mediums including mobile satellite services, cellular networks, and even combinations of carriers and carrier coverage areas across several networks. Hybrid wireless solutions include intermediary devices such as cellular modems connected to an M2M endpoint via wireless local, personal area or near field communications networks such as Wi-Fi, ZigBee, Bluetooth or Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). The most common communications system for M2M in use today in North America is second generation (2G) wireless, using either General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) or Short Message Service (SMS), which uses signaling protocols that set up and tear down voice calls to transmit small amounts of data.

关键词：汽车；通讯；无线通讯；软件程序；移动卫星服务

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In the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) current pesticide risk assessment process, a pair of laboratory avian reproduction tests with mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) is conducted to evaluate how dietary pesticide exposure affects a standard suite of reproduction endpoints (USEPA 1996). The results of these tests are used in calculating risk quotients (RQ) by comparing the reported no-observed-adverse-effect concentration (NOAEC) for the most sensitive measured endpoint(s) with estimates of the maximum dietary exposure expected for a given application rate. As a screening tool, RQs are compared to an established regulatory level-of-concern to categorize the potential for unacceptable risk. Because of the high degree of uncertainty in these simple tools for characterizing risk, RQs typically incorporate conservative or worst-case assumptions about exposure and toxicity to reduce the chances of concluding a chemical has an acceptable level of risk when in fact it does not (i.e., false negative conclusion). Consequently, risk quotients can be used to identify the environmental concentration above which adverse effects to avian reproduction may occur, but they cannot determine the probability or magnitude of potential reproductive effects.

关键词：农药；马尔可夫链；巢生产力模型；技术手册；风险评估

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In disadvantaged grids, communication resources are scarce and variable. Thus, it is important that middleware and applications are able to adapt to the available capacity. This means that knowledge of the networking environment the C2 software is operating in is of great importance. Monitoring of networks carrying data is important in improving quality of service. There are two main types of monitoring: monitoring in the planning phase (i.e., testing that the maximum achievable throughput is in accordance with the agreement); and monitoring during deployment (i.e., when the network is actually being used). Here, it is important to know the current load (e.g., link utilization) to be able to shape and control data traffic in a coherent manner. There exist many solutions capable of doing this, but they are mostly geared towards use on the Internet and in corporate networks. Sending data to and from mobile units, like military vehicles moving in a combat zone, provides challenges that may make some current tools unsuitable. In this paper, we focus on freely available tools, and attempt to identify which tools are suitable for the planning phase and which are suitable for the deployment phase in disadvantaged grids.

关键词：可用性；带宽；指挥和控制系统；通信网络；通信交通

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When a group of independent actors wish to coordinate their actions with one another, each actor uses internal state information combined with information known about all other actors' states to decide what to do. This generally requires some form of communication to synchronize state information between all actors. Since communication is often costly and not all parts of an actor's state change between synchronization attempts using a method such as rsync can reduce the number of bits transmitted, and thus, the communications cost. However, rsync is designed for pair-wise interactions. In wireless communications, group-wise synchronization which is more e cient than rsync, is possible. This paper describes Dandelion, an algorithm that builds on the ideas of the rsync algorithm to e ciently distribute information to all actors in a group over a shared broadcast medium. The algorithm is described in detail, as well as some experimental results using the algorithm on robots. Finally, theoretical comparisons to rsync and generic multicast trees are provided, as well as experimental comparisons between an implementation and a current version of the rsync program, showing that the costs of transmission are as low as a multicast tree, without the associated cost of building or maintaining a tree.

关键词：信息交流；同步（电子产品）；无线通信算法；通信和无线电系统；通信网络

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DOD has invested heavily in its logistics operations, estimating that its overall spending on logistics--including supply chain management--was more than $171 billion in fiscal year 2011. GAO has previously reported that one of the most complex and vital tasks facing DOD is managing its supply chain to effectively and efficiently provide spare parts, food, fuel, and other critical supplies in support of U.S. military forces. GAO has identified DOD's supply chain management as a high-risk area and has previously reported that limitations in asset visibility--including the visibility of assets in transit--make it difficult to obtain timely and accurate information on the assets that are present in the theater of operations. As part of GAO's work to update its high-risk areas, this report assesses the extent to which DOD (1) is aware of its components' efforts to improve in-transit visibility and (2) has a strategy to achieve in-transit visibility that includes the key elements of a comprehensive strategic plan. To conduct these assessments, GAO obtained and analyzed information from the defense components, reviewed and analyzed relevant defense policies, guidance, and plans regarding in-transit visibility, and interviewed officials from DOD and the defense components.

关键词：物流管理；军事战略；资产；通信网络；信息系统

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The VA Office of Inspector General Office of Healthcare Inspections conducted a review to determine the validity of allegations regarding a patients quality of care and communication between professional staff and a patients family at the Washington DC VA Medical Center. The complainant alleged that treatment of the patients urinary tract infection was delayed; that the facility did not tell the family the patient had a Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) infection; that the patient was released from outpatient care despite the MRSA infection; and that communication with the family about all of the patients conditions was poor. We substantiated that management of the MRSA urinary tract infection was not timely instituted. When the providers were informed that a large quantity of MRSA was detected in the patients urine, and antibiotic susceptibilities were known, no management changes were made. Within 72 hours of the positive MRSA result, the patient was hospitalized with MRSA sepsis. We found that the facility did not conduct a Quality Review for the outpatient MRSA management issue. We substantiated that the patient and family were not timely notified of the patients MRSA infection while he was an outpatient. However, following admission to the hospital several days later, the patient and family were informed of the MRSA infection. We did not substantiate the allegation that the facility lacked professionalism in relating to the patients family. The nursing staff and physicians we interviewed stated they explained the patients clinical course to the family throughout the hospitalization. There were no formal complaints made to the patient advocate or the leadership team alleging poor communication while the patient was hospitalized.

关键词：通信；管理规划与控制检查；退伍军人（军事人员）

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The use of public diplomacy is an essential component of counterterrorism efforts, but, to date, the United States has not been as effective in its attempts to utilize strategic communication against the threat of violent Islamic extremism as it has been in its utilization of military, intelligence, and law enforcement resources. Based upon the idea that a retrospective analysis of previous presidential speeches could provide guidance for future strategic communications of U.S. government officials, this thesis identifies the nature of the messages delivered by U.S. Presidents to foreign audiences since the 9/11 attacks through a qualitative analysis of a purposeful sampling of 50 speeches and statements. The analysis examines the position of the United States government in the ideological debate with violent Islamic extremists to determine whether the United States has taken a largely defensive stance, in which the United States constantly strives to counter the narrative of violent extremist adversaries, or a more forward-leaning posture, in which the United States remains primarily concerned with presenting its own narrative based on its values and ideals. The results of this analysis are then utilized to offer recommendations on modifying the message to better support U.S. efforts to combat violent Islamic extremism.

关键词：战略沟通;意识形态;知觉（心理学）;通信

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The objective of this project is the extension of the Parallel Tools Platform (PTP) for applying it to peta-scale systems. PTP is an integrated development environment for parallel applications. It comprises code analysis, performance tuning, parallel debugging and system monitoring. The contribution of the ulich Supercomputing Centre (JSC) aims to provide a scalable solution for system monitoring of supercomputers. This includes the development of a new communication protocol for exchanging status data between the target remote system and the client running PTP. The communication has to work for high latency. PTP needs to be implemented robustly and should hide the complexity of the supercomputer's architecture in order to provide a transparent access to various remote systemerent systems, because PTP functions as abstraction layer between parallel application developer and compute resources. The common requirement for all PTP components is that they have to interact with the remote supercomputer. E.g. applications are built remotely and performance tools are attached to job submissions and their output data resides on the remote system. Status data has to be collected by evaluating outputs of the remote job scheduler and the parallel debugger needs to control an application executed on the supercomputer. The challenge is to provide this functionality for peta-scale systems in real-time.

关键词：电脑；并行处理器；计算机体系结构；计算机通讯

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 Communication delays in distributed environments is an important and challenging problem that has not been adequately addressed. Communication delays are particularly insidious in air traffic control, and space and military operations, where communication and information sharing are paramount to team success. For the purposes of this research, we define communication delay as the time interval between a team member speaking a message (sender) and when another team member (recipient) hears it. The goal of this research is to better understand the effect of communication delays on team collaboration and team processes to maximize distributed team performance. This paper will explore the issue of communication delays in network-enabled environments, and describe an experiment developed to better understand the effects of communication delays on distributed team member trust, shared understanding, and satisfaction. Research questions are as follows: (1) What effect do audio communication delays have on distributed team trust, shared understanding (task accuracy), satisfaction, and cognitive workload; and (2) What effect does a video channel have on distributed team trust, satisfaction, and team member cognitive workload, when team member communication is delayed. For the purposes of this research, we will focus on synchronous audio and video communication technologies.

关键词：息交流；局域网；语音传输；通信网络

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Matrix multiplication is one of the most fundamental algorithmic problems in numerical linear algebra, distributed computing, scientific computing, and high-performance computing. Parallelization of matrix multiplication has been extensively studied (e.g., 21, 12, 24, 2, 51, 39, 36, 23, 45, 61). It has been addressed using many theoretical approaches, algorithmic tools, and software engineering methods in order to optimize performance and obtain faster and more efficient parallel algorithms and implementations. To design efficient parallel algorithms, it is necessary not only to load balance the computation, but also to minimize the time spent communicating between processors. The interprocessor communication costs are in many cases significantly higher than the computational costs. Moreover, hardware trends predict that more problems will become communication-bound in the future 38, 35. Even matrix multiplication, which is widely considered to be computation-bound, becomes communication-bound when a given problem is run on sufficiently many processors.

关键词：算法;分布式数据处理;软件工程;通信

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