Light trapping in solar cells allows for increased efficiency and reduced materials cost. It is well known that a 4n^2 factor of enhancement in absorption can be achieved by randomly texturing the surface of the solar cell, where n is the refractive index of the material. However, this limit only holds when the thickness of the solar cell is much greater than the wavelength of light. In the subwavelength regime, the fundamental question remains unanswered: what surface texture realizes the optimal absorption enhancement? We turn to computational inverse electromagnetic design in order to find nanoscale textures for light trapping, and observe spontaneous symmetry breaking in the creation of optimal design.

关键词：电磁逆设计；逆电磁；太阳能电池；纹理

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This report focuses on the analysis of light emitting diode (LED) technology in the olid state lighting (SSL) market, that is, whether or not LED lighting products will eplace incandescent bulbs and compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs).

关键词：发光二极管（LED）技术；效率性能；固态照明（SSL）市场

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A combination of rising energy costs, a desire for national energy independence, and a growing awareness of the dangers of global climate change is pushing Americans to do what they can to save energy. Consumers now buy more fuel-efficient cars and appliances and are growing more aware of their use habits. While it is easy to see how much gas your car uses, beyond the labeling on major appliances at the point of sale, most consumers are unaware of how much electricity these devices actually use. In this Masters of Engineering Capstone Project we designed and implemented a wireless power monitor which sits on a conventional power outlet and is thin enough that an appliance plugs throughs. The power of the appliance being plugged through our device is monitored. The monitor is powered by either making direct contact with the prongs of the plug or by inductively harvesting through a contactless transformer. The latter case puts severe power restrictions on the mote which we overcame by using low-power hardware and OpenWSN, a network stack intended for low power, low data-rate applications such as ours.

关键词：能量收集；无线电力监控；无线网络；无线传感器网络基础平台

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Photonic innovation is becoming ever more important in the modern world. Optical systems are dominating shorter and shorter communications distances, LED's are rapidly emerging for a variety of applications, and solar cells show potential to be a mainstream technology in the energy space. The need for novel, energy-efficient photonic and optoelectronic devices will only increase. This work unites fundamental physics and a novel computational inversedesign approach towards such innovation.

关键词：光子创新；太阳能电池；能源空间；节能光子；光子设备

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Variable, intermittent renewable sources of energy are being introduced into the national electric grid at scale.However, the current grid paradigm of load-followingsupplies is unable to utilize these sources without impractical deployments of backup generation and gridscaleenergy storage. Thus, it will be crucial to have energy agile loads: electric loads that can dynamically adapt their energy consumption. Data centers are prime candidates for becoming energy agile because they are large energy consumers and often have workloads thatcan be shaped to vary their power consumption. In thispaper we present an energy agile cluster that is power proportional (uses power proportional to its workload)and exposes slack (the ability to temporarily delay ordegrade service to reduce power consumption). We describe a prototype cluster that consumes 60% less energyon typical workloads by being power proportional.Then, using month-long traces from a 9572 node computing cluster and a California wind farm, we show howa grid-aware scheduler can use workload slack to reducesdependence on non-renewable energy sources to 40% of its original level. Our results show that achieving the same wind penetration with energy storage alone wouldrequire sufficient battery capacity to run a cluster for fivehours.

关键词：可再生能源；国家电网；数据中心；网格调度工作量；原型聚类

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Large and advanced batteries are those batteries which are rechargeable and technologically advanced; these batteries are large in size and energy capacity. The advanced batteries are largely used in plug-in vehicles, utility load leveling systems, and renewable energy storage systems. The increased usage of these batteries in the Automotive segment and the Portable Electronic Products segment is one of the major factors driving the growth of the Global Large and Advance Battery Technology market.

关键词：充电电池；尺寸大小；能量容量；平衡系统

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A Li-ion battery is a rechargeable battery where lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharging and back when charging. There are numerous advantages of using lithium as it is one of the lightest metals. Li-ion batteries are commonly used in the Consumer Electronics sector, the Industrial sector, and the Automotive sector.

关键词：锂离子电池；负极；正极；金属

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In this report, we reviewed the requirements and challenges of performing spectrum sensing in the TV band for mobile applications. We described the existing state of this area of research from both a technical and a policy perspective, and reviewed existing theoretical techniques for performing signal detection. We then proposed a novel physical implementation of a spectrum sensing system by using subsampling autocorrelation in the analog domain.

关键词：频谱感知；物理实现；自相关的感测系统；移动应用程序；信号识别

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To address these issues, this work proposes a novel, plug-through power monitoring system for commercial and residential use. Our device detects any appliance’s power consumption via a current sense transformer, which wirelessly couples magnetic energy from the appliance to output an electromotive force voltage.

关键词：无线传感器；能源收集；插件；电压信号

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This paper discusses basic concepts of color science and color rendering. Different methods of measuring color rendering and the new standard under development by the International Illumination Committee and several industry leading companies are introduced. Furthermore, the current situation of the LED market and the different roles of leading companies are discussed. Finally, a forecast of the future of LED and its market pattern will be given based on an analysis of the market.

关键词：采光发光二极管（LED）；色彩渲染；市场分析

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