It is therefore extremely important to use biomarkers towards the prevention of events that are harmful both to man and ecosystems. Biomarkers and bioindica-tors could be used also as potential tools for environmental quality assessement during judicial proceedings. One biomarker alone might not be sufficient to monitor the environmental quality. In general, it is necessary to have a battery of biomarkers allowing the evaluation of the physiological integrity of all species present in a given ecosystem. Batteries of biomarkers should be capable to assess the toxic effects of the highest possible number of environmental contaminants [73]. Generally, biomarkers do not show one single dose-response relationship but a number of dose-response relationships that are the result of all possible interactions of all contaminants present in the ecosystem under study. So, battery of biomarkers allows to determine at what level of structural complexity a given response to a toxic compound in a given ecosystem occurs. In brief, the multiple response concept shows that through biomarkers it is possible to determine the "health level" of the population studied. The change in the homoeostasis present in an ecosystem trigger off a series of compensatory mechanism both at the biochemical and the physiological level. These mechanisms tend to restore the initial homoeostatic situation. The more toxic concentrations or time of exposure increase the more the responses turn out to be insufficient with subsequent occurrence of other responses at higher levels all the way up to significant phenomena, such as bacterial infections, parasitism, car-cinogenesis and finally the death of the organisms

关键词：环境监测；生物标记物

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In conclusion, in this chapter, we have reviewed the development of high-performance fiber nanosensors for environmental monitoring applications, realized by the combination of advanced nanostructured coatings based on SWCNTs with the optical fiber technology.In particular, the chapter starts with a wide review of the state of the art of carbon nanotube-based sensors for environmental monitoring, followed by a description of the operating principle of the fiberoptic nanosensors in the FP-type reflectometric configuration.

关键词：环境监测；传感器；应用程序

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Solid waste resource recovery in space is effected by pyrolysis processing, to produce light gases as the main products (CH.sub.4, H.sub.2, CO.sub.2, CO, H.sub.2O, NH.sub.3) and a reactive carbon-rich char as the main byproduct. Significant amounts of liquid products are formed under less severe pyrolysis conditions, and are cracked almost completely to gases as the temperature is raised. A primary pyrolysis model for the composite mixture is based on an existing model for whole biomass materials, and an artificial neural network models the changes in gas composition with the severity of pyrolysis conditions.

关键词：固体废物；热解；专利

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Recent improvements in the affordability and availability of high-resolution digital cameras, data loggers, embedded computers, and radio/cellular modems have advanced the development of sophisticated automated systems for remote imaging. Researchers have successfully placed and operated automated digital cameras in remote locations and in extremes of temperature and humidity, ranging from the islands of the South Pacific to the Mojave Desert and the Grand Canyon. With the integration of environmental sensors, these automated systems are able to respond to local conditions and modify their imaging regimes as needed. In this report we describe in detail the design of one type of automated imaging system developed by our group. It is easily replicated, low-cost, highly robust, and is a stand-alone automated camera designed to be placed in remote locations, without wireless connectivity.

关键词：环境监测；应用程序

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Sustainable Solid Waste Program: MISSION, VISION, GUIDING PRINCIPALS. MISSION: Provide policy, guidance, and direction to institutionalize and execute sustainable solid resource and waste management practices throughout NRSW for all activities that generate non-hazardous solid waste. Holistic Approach that Emphasizes Resource / Commodity Management Develop Management Approaches for Different Navy Communities. Promote a Culture of Resourcefulness vs. Wastefulness. VISION: By 2012, NRSW will have a fully institutionalized Sustainable Solid Waste Management Program that is efficiently and effectively executed. Move towards SSW s 2020 Vision NOTHING WASTED . GUIDING PRINCIPALS: Use RCRA definition of non-hazardous solid waste and DoD s solid waste hierarchy of: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Disposal only as a last resort. Leadership has a role to promote a culture of resourcefulness versus wastefulness.

关键词：固体废物；可持续发展；政策；指导；无害物

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Field replicate water samples ('field Replicates') collected for the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program during 1992 to 1997 were used to assess the variability of pesticide detections and concentrations in environmental water samples collected from the surface and ground-water-quality networks of the NAWQA Program. Field replicates are two or more identically collected, processed, and analyzed environmental water samples that are used to assess the overall variability of field and laboratory procedures. Variability is the degree of random error in independent measurements of the same quantity and is the opposite of precision-the degree of mutual agreement. Information on variability can be used to estimate the reproducibility of individual measurements, the concentration needed to be assured of exceeding a water-quality standard, and the likelihood that two measurements of water quality are different.

关键词：农药；水质

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