The functional equivalence of the unstructured grid code FUN3D to the the structured grid code LAURA (Langley Aerothermodynamic Upwind Relaxation Algorithm) is documented for applications of interest to the Entry, Descent, and Landing (EDL) community. Examples from an existing suite of regression tests are used to demonstrate the functional equivalence, encompassing various thermochemical models and vehicle configurations. Algorithm modifications required for the node-based unstructured grid code (FUN3D) to reproduce functionality of the cell-centered structured code (LAURA) are also documented. Challenges associated with computation on tetrahedral grids versus computation on structured-grid derived hexahedral systems are discussed.

关键词：气动热力学；算法；计算；计算流体动力学

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The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy has defined milestones for its Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO) technology programs. This report provides estimates of the benefits that would accrue from achieving these milestones relative to a base case that represents a future in which there is no VTO-supported vehicle technology development. This was done by estimating fuel use, primary energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from light-, medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, including energy and GHG emissions from fuel production for the base case and the program target case. The target case represented the future with completely successful deployment of VTO technologies. Market penetrations of different vehicle types with and without VTO technologies were projected using market share models, and a stock and energy accounting model was used to make projections of energy consumption and GHG emissions for the base and target cases. The differences between the base case and the target case were attributed to VTO technologies. Improvements in fuel economy of various vehicle types were attributed to individual VTO technology areas, which included batteries and electric drives, advanced combustion engines, fuels and lubricants, materials (i.e., reducing vehicle mass, also called lightweighting), and for medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, reduction in rolling and aerodynamic resistance.

关键词：电池；电动工具排放；能源消耗

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Ionizing radiation induces DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which is a particularly serious form of DNA damage and has especially deleterious effects in cells. Ion beams have high linear energy transfer (LET, keV/μm) and give DNA damage containing DSBs locally (clustered damage) than gamma rays do. Deinococcus radiodurans exhibits extraordinary resistance to the lethal effects of ionizing radiations. This resistance has been attributed to its highly proficient DNA repair capacity. Previously, it had been reported that the DNA repair mechanism of D. radiodurans is not necessarily "error-free" since there were an increase in rifampicin-resistant mutant frequency depending on radiation doses of ion beams and gamma rays. In this study, we investigated mutant frequencies of two different antibiotic-resistant mutants for carbon ion beams in D. radiodurans and identified the mutation sites in the antibiotic-resistant mutants.

关键词：电池寿命；碳离子光束；电池性能

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Cell imbalance is one of the key factors that limit the capacity and power of battery energy storage systems (BESS),especially the large lithium-ion battery packs.To deal with the unbalancing problem,an effective balancing circuit is required,so is an optimal balancing strategy.In this paper,an optimal strategy for cells balancing has been presented.Contrary to the conventional balancing algorithms which base on instantaneous voltage or state-of-charge (SOC) no matter what the cause of imbalance is,the proposed strategy is targeted to different imbalance situations.Four cases of cell imbalance have been analyzed and the balancing effects of different algorithms are discussed.The simulation results show that the proposed strategy improves the performances of battery packs,including the usable capacity and maximum power.

关键词：平衡策略；不平衡分析；磷酸铁锂电池；电池储能系统

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The number of particles simulated within a kinetic simulation has a direct impact on the accuracy of the results. In the case of chain-branching reactions such as those found in ionization and combustion events, the exponential growth of computational particle populations may also result in computationally intractable problems. Adaptive control of the number of computational particles is therefore an important topic for improving these types of simulations. Particle merging and its inverse splitting procedures can potentially enable this type of control, but only if they do not result in additional accumulated error. Merging multiple particles down to a single particle can be shown to either violate conservation of momentum or kinetic energy because a single particle consists of too few degrees of freedom to fully represent the original two. This has resulted in a proliferation of merging strategies relying on nearby particle pairs in velocity space or merging moments to computational grids as shown for example in Refs. 1-3. If instead multiple particles are merged down to two rather than one, it can be shown that mass, momentum, and kinetic energy as well as center of mass and mean square deviation of position can be conserved simultaneously. However, when previously attempted in this reference for electromagnetic particle-in- cell (PIC), the approach was found to result in excessive thermalization, incorrect collisionless shock wave-speeds, and was not obviously amenable to near-neighbor particle selection. To mitigate the thermalization effects, the ternary merge has been coupled with octree velocity space binning. This method has been shown to match direct unmerged solutions well for several 3D3V simulations with predominately one-dimensional variations aligned to the original coordinate system. Though these results were encouraging, the preferential selection of original spatial coordinate system for the moment decomposition suggested an orientation.

关键词：自适应控制系统；燃烧；保护；电离

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A reversible pure bending test system has been developed to support an NRC research project. The test system can be used to test and characterize static bending stiffness as well as the vibration integrity of spent nuclear fuel. The reversible bending is conducted utilizing a U-frame setup with the push-pull force applied at the loading point. The U-frame setup can be integrated into the test machine in either vertical or horizontal layouts. The deformation of the rod specimen is measured directly using three-point deflection, and therefore the curvature of deformed rod specimen can be easily estimated. The functionality of the test system has been demonstrated using surrogate rods in out-of-hot cell tests. The relationship of total strain versus the number of cycles to failure exhibits a well-defined trend. It has been further shown that flexural rigidity can be used as an index to characterize the integrity of the SNF.

关键词：弯曲；变形；评价；燃料棒；热电池

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This report describes and discusses a series of experiments in which aluminum-nickel NanoFoil materials were used as the heat source for other thermal battery components, such as cathode, anode, and electrolyte, in the form of coated thin films, to develop a NanoFoil-heated thin-film thermal battery technology. This work culminated in the design, construction, and characterization of a complete, fully functional 12-cell NanoFoil-heated thin- film thermal battery prototype, which demonstrated a much faster rise in working voltage, a much lower internal gas pressure, a much shorter stack height, and a much greater flexibility in form factor, than the traditional pressed-pellet thermal batteries. In the process of screening and optimizing for the NanoFoil-heated thin-film thermal battery prototype, it was found that end-heating was very effective in prolonging the runtime of the battery by reducing the heat-sink from the battery stack into the end insulation, and the effective initiation length of the heat paper fuse strip was a major factor in determining the overall rise time of the battery due to the much lower speed of flame propagation in the heat paper than in the NanoFoil.

关键词：电池组件；电池；绝缘材料

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This seed and exploratory grant was funded to generate some initial results that are presented in this report. The project was funded by Dr. Robert Coswell in Nov. 2010 in consultation with Dr. Devanand Shenoy to develop a fusion of strain-based spintronics, as well as spin torque transfer devices, and CMOS VLSI technologies. The project was initiated with the hope to start extensive work in non-volatile and ultra-low-power subthreshold and superthreshold VLSI circuits relevant for a wide spectrum of military and space electronic systems. In this project we demonstrated: (1) an ultra-low power hearing aid speech processor interfacing with a custom designed SRAM to operate fully in sub-threshold regime (Specs: Operating at 1MHz clock frequency; 600 pJ consumption for each FIR operation); (2) a 128 point FFT/IFFT processor in 65nm technology operating in subthreshold regime (Specs: Operates at 1 MHz; energy consumption of 31 nJ/FFT); (3) a sub-threshold operating asynchronous 8051 microcontroller (A8051) with a novel 16T SRAM cell for improved performance and reliability (Specs: Consumes 91.6 nW at 250 mV. New 16T SRAM block consumes 5.44 pJ for writing and 9.08 pJ for reading); and (4) a 2 KB nonvolatile straintronics memory with 1.3 pJ read power. A follow-up grant is, therefore, requested to support three graduate students who have enthusiastically worked on this project for one year and are now poised to conduct more creative investigations in this promising emerging technology.

关键词：异步系统；加工设备；集成电路

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The effect of dissolved gas on the reversibility of a Li/Li+ electrode in an ionic liquid electrolyte was investigated. Lithium metal is a potential anode in lithium batteries. The ionic liquid electrolyte was saturated with argon, nitrogen, oxygen, air.

关键词：锂电池；液体电解质；二次电池

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A new randomly crosslinked polymer is investigated for use as an ion- exchange membrane. The polymer was produced through amination of chlorinated poly(propylene) (PP) with poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) and quaternized with iodoethane. The synthesis of the new polymer is confirmed by FTIR 1H and 13C NMR. The microstructure of the polymer consists of aggregates on the order of 1 micrometer. Environmentally controlled small and wide angle X-ray analysis showed a relatively featureless amorphous morphology over length scales less than 105 nm through a full range of humidity environments. Little physical swelling of the films were observed, but very high internal water uptake was observed with lamba = 50. The highest in-plane ionic conductivity with chloride as the counter ion observed was 0.29 mS cm 1 at 90 deg C and 95% relative humidity. Infrared spectroscopy was used to monitor the relatively rapid rate of counter-ion reaction of hydroxide with ambient CO2 to form a mixture of carbonate and bicarbonate when exposed to air.

关键词：离子交换；膜；聚合物；碳酸氢盐；氯化物

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