Visible and near-infrared light interact via absorption and scattering with biomolecules, and a number of diagnostic tools based upon these interactions have been developed to indicate pathophysiological states and normal and diseased tissue. Additionally, the cyclic nature of these absorption or scattering events, such as those arising from cardiovascular or pulmonary physiology, has recently been shown to indicate trauma and cardiovascular status. The most commonly encountered diffuse optical technique is pulse oximetry, a form of photoplethysmography (PPG), where the distinct absorption behavior of oxygenation and non-oxygenation hemoglobin molecules forms a basis for determining arterial blood O2 saturation levels (SpO2). New analysis algorithms have shown that PPG can be used to indicate a variety of physiological conditions beyond hypoxic hypoxemia (i.e., low SpO2) including noncompressible hemorrhage, a condition notoriously difficult to diagnose without CT or MRI capabilities, and cardiac output, a variable difficult to measure in real time noninvasively. With support from the FY12 Biomedical Initiative Line, we embarked on a size, weight, and power (SWaP) analysis of PPG sensors, and collaborated with Professors Ki Chon and Yitzhak Mendelson from Worcester Polytechnic Institute to build a prototype ultra-low SWaP sensor. This report gives background and motivation for why PPG sensing is an important physiological modality, and details on the SWaP analysis and prototype development.

关键词：吸收,血,心输出量;探测器;诊断(医学);心;出血;光,光吸收;体积描记法;

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The United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine's Consultative Services Division (USAFSAM/OEC) was asked by HQ ACC/SGXH to evaluate the TVA-1000B toxic vapor analyzer due to the fact that its life cycle as standard Air Force Bioenvironmental Engineering equipment is projected to end in 2014. The primary purpose of the TVA-1000B is to provide a quick screening tool for detection of a wide variety of toxic industrial chemicals/materials, while at the same time giving a good approximation of the quantity of contaminant present. USAFSAM was asked to determine whether a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) solution exists that could better detect and quantify a broader range of chemicals than the TVA-1000B. USAFSAM conducted an exhaustive literature review to answer this question. Based on this review, there do not seem to be enough significant advantages in existing COTS portable gas and vapor monitoring instruments to justify replacing the TVA-1000B at this time.

关键词：检测;设备现代化;火焰电离;气体;产业;红外光谱;生命周期;文献调查;监视器

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The purpose of this project is to characterize the breast cancer in women affected with Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) in a multi-institutional setting. The first aim is to assess the incidence of breast cancer in this cohort and the clinical features of NF1 associated with breast cancer. The second aim is to investigate any characteristic NF1 gene germline mutations in women with breast cancer and to carry out whole exome sequencing to search for other germline mutations. For the third aim, at tumor tissue level, we plan to characterize the selected signaling pathway on archived breast cancer tissue from women with NF1 utilizing immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods. At the somatic level, we plan to study loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the NF1 gene using ion semiconductor sequencing and MLPA copy number analysis. We also plan to sequence 30 other breast cancer genes on the breast cancer specimens. By the end of May, 2013, a total of 242 cases of NF1 women have been reviewed. Eleven women have had a diagnosis of breast cancer. Statistical analysis was conducted. The presence of plexiform neurofibroma has a trend to be inversely related to the occurrence of breast cancer, however, it has not reached statistical significance (p=0.083). A family history of cancer is associated with a personal history of breast cancer (p=0.000119). No other clinical features or family histories were found to be associated with the occurrence of breast cancer. To date, germline NF1 mutations has been investigated in 10 women with breast cancer. No significant pattern of mutation has been discovered. Nine breast cancer specimens have been collected and are ready to be analyzed. We are expected to review up to 450 cases of women with NF1 and collect another 5 archived breast cancer specimens. The analyses listed in the above aims are to be completed once the final cases have been reviewed and the specimens have been collected.

关键词：乳腺癌;临床医学;基因;家庭(人类);组织化学、免疫化学;乳腺;突变;肿瘤;周围神经病变

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Rising prescribed medicine costs and trends associated with those increases are an area of particular interest to U.S. policymakers and consumers of health care. Analyzing trends in total prescription drug costs by therapeutic subclasses for certain subpopulations provides decision makers and the public with a clearer understanding of current circumstances with respect to medicine use and expenses, and what to expect in the future. This Statistical Brief provides trends for three therapeutic subclasses of prescribed drugs for the population under age 40anti-diabetics, anti-hypertensives, and statinsall of which treat conditions often associated with aging and older populations. This Brief presents trends in utilization and expenditures for outpatient prescription anti-diabetics, anti-hypertensives, and statins for persons under age 40 in the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population for the years 2000 and 2010.

关键词：处方药;医疗利用率;支出;门诊;糖尿病;高血压,高胆固醇,统计数据;人口;消费者;趋势;卫生筹资

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Th e U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) supports healthy women building healthy communities. HRSA is charged with ensuring access to quality health care through a network of communitybased health centers, maternal and child health programs, and community HIV/AIDS programs throughout the States and U.S. jurisdictions. In addition, HRSAs mission includes supporting individuals pursuing careers in medicine, nursing, and many other health disciplines. HRSA fulfills these responsibilities, in part, by collecting and analyzing timely, topical information that identifies health priorities and trends that can be addressed through program interventions and capacity building. HRSA is pleased to present Womens Health USA 2012, the eleventh edition of the Womens Health USA data book.

关键词：女性健康;;社会因素;文化因素;人口;种族;少数民族;预防健康;生活质量;诊断;治疗;行为;健康状况

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In 2012, the number of international tourist arrivals worldwide was projected to reach a new high of 1 billion arrivals, a 48% increase from 674 million arrivals in 2000. International travel also is increasing among U.S. residents. In 2009,U.S. residents made approximately 61 million trips outside the country, a 5% increase from 1999. Travel-related morbidity can occur during or after travel. Worldwide, 8% of travelers from industrialized to developing countries report becoming ill enough to seek health care during or after travel. Travelers have contributed to the global spread of infectious diseases, including novel and emerging pathogens. Therefore, surveillance of travel-related morbidity is an essential component of global public health surveillance and will be of greater importance as international travel increases worldwide.

关键词：传染病;疾病监测;旅游;人口;发展中国家;诊断(医学);医疗保险;健康状况;国际合作;发病率;死亡率;公共卫生;病原菌;跟踪

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Rising health care costs in general and prescribed medicine costs in particular continue to be a concern for U.S. policymakers and consumers of care. Analyzing total prescription drug costs by therapeutic classes and subclasses provides decision makers and the public with an understanding of the costs and extent to which specific therapeutic classes and subclasses of drugs are contributing to the upturn in total costs. This Statistical Brief provides trends for one therapeutic subclass of prescribed drugs--urinary antispasmodics. This Brief presents trends in utilization and expenditures for outpatient prescription urinary antispasmodics for the years 2000 and 2010. The estimates are for the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population and are derived from the 2000 and 2010 Household Component of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS-HC). The Brief compares outpatient prescription urinary antispasmodics for 2000 and 2010, using the number of persons obtaining at least one prescription, total expenditures, and total number of prescriptions, as well as average annual cost per person and average drug cost. Only prescriptions purchased or obtained in an outpatient setting are included in these estimates. Prescription medicines administered in an inpatient setting or in a clinic or physician's office are excluded.

关键词：卫生保健支出;尿抗痉挛;成本;医疗利用率;家庭;门诊;人口;处方药;治疗;趋势;医疗费用委员会调查

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This publication presents national estimates of drug-related visits to hospital emergency departments (EDs) for the calendar year 2011, based on data from the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN). Also presented are comparisons of 2011 estimates with those for 2004, 2009, and 2010. DAWN is a public health surveillance system that monitors drug-related ED visits for the Nation and for selected metropolitan areas. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), is the agency responsible for DAWN. SAMHSA is required to collect data on drug-related ED visits under Section 505 of the Public Health Service Act. DAWN relies on a nationally representative sample of general, non-Federal hospitals operating 24-hour EDs, with oversampling of hospitals in selected metropolitan areas. In each participating hospital, ED medical records are reviewed retrospectively to find the ED visits that involved recent drug use. All types of drugsillegal drugs, prescription drugs, over-the-counter pharmaceuticals (e.g., dietary supplements, cough medicine), and substances inhaled for their psychoactive effectsare included. Alcohol is considered an illicit drug when consumed by patients aged 20 or younger. For patients aged 21 or older, though, alcohol is reported only when it is used in conjunction with other drugs. Marked findings of this report are (a) a 29 percent increase in the number of drug-related ED visits involving illicit drugs in the short term between 2009 and 2011; (b) simultaneous, short-term increases in the involvement of both illicit and licit stimulant-like drugs; and (c) some indications that the pace of increases in pharmaceutical involvement is slowing down.

关键词：不利影响;酗酒,自杀未遂;图表(图);解毒;药物滥用;紧急医疗服务;急诊室

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AMSARA's mission is to support the development of evidence based medical standards for the Department of Defense (DoD) by guiding improvement of medical and administrative databases and conducting epidemiologic and special studies analyses. Analyses presented in this annual report include analyses of accession medical disqualifications, waivers, existed prior to service and disability discharges. Descriptive statistics are reported for DoD enlisted accessions who enlisted in 2012 compared to FY 2007 through FY 2011 accessions totals. Data are collected while the recruits remain on active duty for the first fiscal year (through fiscal year 2012 for this report). The data are then merged, analyzed and results presented as aggregated tables and figures.

关键词：现役;磨损;人口;国防部;部署;残疾排放;流行病学

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An index to Federal Aviation Administration Office of Aerospace Medicine Reports (1964-2012) and Civil Aeromedical Institute Reports (1961- 1963) is presented for those engaged in aviation medicine and related activities. The index lists all FAA aerospace medicine technical reports published from 1961 through 2012: chronologically, alphabetically by author, and alphabetically by subject.

关键词：航空航天医学;人因工程学;报告;研究报告

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