An engine coolant is a heat transfer liquid used to remove the surplus heat from an ICE. It also helps in providing protection against corrosion and preventing freezing during winters. In terms of products, coolant is classified into three categories: ethylene glycol-based, propylene glycolbased, and glycerin/glycerol-based coolants. Ethylene glycol-based coolants are extensively used in the global automotive industry. Since they are toxic, automotive manufacturers are shifting to coolants made of propylene glycol. Owing to advances in technology and to meet automobile manufacturers’ need for coolants with longer lifespans, manufacturers are developing coolants with longer replacement cycles. The rising demand for automobiles (passenger cars and commercial vehicles, especially LCVs) in emerging countries positively affects market growth, as does an increase in the average lifespan of automobiles due to the advanced technologies used in their manufacture.

关键词：发动机冷却剂；ICE；除多余热量；热传递液体；提供防腐蚀；防止；冬季结冰

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With an increase in the production and sales of vehicles worldwide, instances of car theft or hijacking are on the rise. Passenger car security products such as immobilizers, alarms, central locking systems, and RKE protect cars from theft or hijacking. These passenger car security products immediately alert the owner and the SOCs in cases of theft. Technologies such as RFID, RTLS, and GPS are used to track down stolen cars. For instance, General Motors' subsidiary, OnStar, provides car navigation systems, subscription-based communications, roadside assistance, and stolen vehicle assistance.

关键词：增加生产；全球销售；中央锁定系统；防止；盗窃；劫持汽车；SOC；技术；RFID；RTLS；GPS

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Air filters improve ignition, horsepower, and mileage of an automobile. They also improve air flow to the engine and the emission control system, enabling proper ignition of fuel. The production of air filters has gained momentum mainly because of the high demand in the aftermarket, as they need to be changed at regular intervals. Based on type, the air filters are segmented into cabin and intake air filters.

关键词：空气过滤器；空气流通；发动机；排放控制系统；机舱；进气过滤器

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Automotive safety systems are designed to comply with the standards and regulations prescribed by government agencies and transport authorities worldwide. A whiplash protection system (WHIPS) is a passive safety system that is designed to protect passengers and drivers against neck and spine injuries. With growing safety concerns among consumers and increasing road fatalities, government agencies and organizations, such as Euro NCAP, US NCAP, and NHTSA, are mandating the inclusion of WHIPS in all new automobiles.

关键词：汽车安全系统；符合；标准和法规；被动安全系统；脊椎受伤

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An electric motor is an electro-mechanical device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. Manual processes are converted to highly mechanized operations with the help of motors. Electric motors are used in a wide range of applications, from household devices to industrial machinery. Electric motors are segmented into different categories based on their output power or type. The most widely used electric motors are FHPs based on output power, and AC motors based on type of electric motor.

关键词：电机；机电装置；电能转换；机械能；电动马达

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Car-sharing is a membership-based, self-service system that contains a network of stations and vehicles, and is an alternative to traditional car ownership for individuals and companies. In this system, vehicles are owned by a separate firm, an organization, or individuals and are shared by users for short period of time. Over the past three decades, car-sharing has grown from a basic service provided by popular organizations to a widely recognized Urban Transport industry. It is also quickly developing into a globalized industry providing many with transportation, land use, environmental, and social benefits.

关键词：汽车共享；网络会员制；自助服务系统；替代；传统汽车

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A drivetrain is a group of components in a vehicle that delivers power to the driving wheels. There are three types of drivetrain: AWD, FWD, and RWD. Each drivetrain has two functions - first, to transmit power from the engine to the driving wheel and second, to vary the amount of torque.

关键词：传动系；提供动力；驱动轮；AWD；FWD；RWD

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Intermodal transportation uses different modes of transportation to move goods from one place to another. Companies rely more on intermodal transportation for the shipment of automotive parts, consumer goods, and heavy vehicles. The main reasons for the increased use of intermodal transportation are improved efficiency, cost reduction, and environmental impact. According to the Intermodal Association of North America, there was a 33% increase in shipping by intermodal rail in 2010 from the previous year. Rail-road transportation is the most important and common mode of intermodal transportation for freight, and approximately 41% of the total intermodal freight is transported by this mode. It offers many advantages over other modes of transportation such as it is cost-efficient and easy to track, there are few idle periods, and it offers door-to-door delivery, a quicker delivery time, the safety of the cargo, and the ability to use different routes. The intermodal freight transportation industry is also introducing some major advances in technology such as ICT, computerized vehicle routing, active traffic management, and online freight exchange.

关键词：联运；交通方式；汽车装运；消费品；重型车辆；改善效率；降低成本

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Automotive safety systems are designed and produced to comply with standards and regulations prescribed by government agencies and transport authorities across the world. Passive safety systems such as airbags and seatbelts are designed to protect passengers, drivers, and pedestrians during an accident. With growing safety concerns among consumers and increase in road fatalities, government agencies and organizations such Euro NCAP, US NCAP, and India NCAP are mandating the inclusion of airbags in all new automobiles.

关键词：汽车安全系统；设计和生产；运输管理部门；被动安全系统；安全气囊；安全带

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HEVs combine two energy sources, mechanical (ICE) and electrical, to achieve better fuel economy and performance. These vehicles have a smaller gasoline engine than traditional vehicles. They use efficient technologies such as regenerative braking that charges the battery by converting kinetic energy into electric energy. Many HEVs have start-stop systems that shutdown the ICE when the vehicle is idle and restarts it whenever needed, thereby reducing idle emissions.

关键词：混合动力汽车；机械（冰）；电；燃油经济性；性能；转换动能充电再生能量；转化；电能

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