A comprehensive benefit-cost assessment of motorcycle use is offered, along with the characteristics, behaviors, and attitudes of motorcycle riders. U.S. motorcyclists are at high risk of crashing, with rates 24 times higher than those of passenger car and light-duty truck drivers per mile traveled. However, motorcycles require only one-quarter the parking space of a car and can reduce congestion by doubling network capacity (in vehicles per hour). Most motorcycles have high fuel economy, but low seating capacities render them little or no better than most cars and some light-duty trucks (assuming average vehicle occupancies) when compared in terms of fuel consumption per rider (or vehicle occupant) mile traveled. Motorcycles emit fewer grams of many polluting emissions but more volatile organic compounds and carbon monoxide than most cars if a catalytic converter is not installed. Noise impacts are a serious issue, with an inconsistent patchwork of regulations applied across states and localities. Results of a survey of current and former U.S. motorcyclists indicate that most respondents ride motorcycles for recreational purposes and ride in groups, but about one-half also ride for more mandatory (less discretionary) purposes and about 40% also ride solo. Fewer than one-third of respondents have formal motorcycle training, and helmet use is lowest among current riders who do not own a motorcycle. Engine size appears to be rising, and respondents support policies that combat operating a vehicle under the influence (e.g., ignition interlock devices for offenders). Regression models illuminate key factors and marginal effects on motorcycle riding and ownership rates.

关键词：汽车；评估成本；效益

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This years Economic Report of the President describes the progress we have made recovering from the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression. After years of grueling recession, our businesses have created over six million new jobs. As a nation, we now buy more American cars than we have in 5 years, and less foreign oil than we have in 20 years. Our housing market is healing, and consumers, patients, and homeowners enjoy stronger protections than ever before.

关键词：汽车；经济报告；总统

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Understanding the diverse PHEV purchase behaviors among prospective new car buyers is key for designing efficient and effective policies for promoting new energy vehicle technologies. The ORNL MA3T model developed for the U.S. Department of Energy is described and used to project PHEV purchase probabilities by different consumers. MA3T disaggregates the U.S. household vehicle market into 1458 consumer segments based on region, residential area, driver type, technology attitude, home charging availability and work charging availability and is calibrated to the EIA's Annual Energy Outlook. Simulation results from MA3T are used to identify the more likely PHEV buyers and provide explanations. It is observed that consumers who have home charging, drive more frequently and live in urban area are more likely to buy a PHEV. Early adopters are projected to be more likely PHEV buyers in the early market, but the PHEV purchase probability by the late majority consumer can increase over time when PHEV gradually becomes a familiar product.

关键词：汽车；插电式混合动力；市场分析

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A power cable is an insulated strand of wires that is used to transmit electricity at variable voltage levels. Power cables are mainly used in overhead lines, buildings, and underground wiring applications. They are available in various sizes and shapes according to the requirements of the telecommunications, electrical equipment, construction, and motor vehicle industries. Power cables can be classified into four broad categories depending on their operating voltage applications: low voltage, medium voltage, high-voltage, and extra-high-voltage.

关键词：电力电缆；电线；绝缘链；发送；电压；架空线；建筑物；电气设备；建筑；汽车行业

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A HUD is an indicator that displays key flight information onto a transparent screen positioned in front of a pilot's line of sight. It provides users with a view of the real word overlaid with information and projected onto a screen, thus eliminating the need to look away from the usual viewpoint. The automotive and aviation sectors are the major end-users for HUDs because of the driver or pilot's need for situational awareness, and the enhanced safety margins in these sectors. The primary components of HUDs are.

关键词：抬头显示器；透明屏幕；飞行信息；汽车；航空行业

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This report provides a review of scholarly literature with direct relevance to the topic of modal shift and high-speed rail (HSR). HSR systems are usually planned on the expectation that they will attract riders who would have chosen other modes (such as air, automobile, bus, etc.) had the HSR not been created. Identifying and measuring the actual ability of HSR to effect modal shift is therefore critical. This report examines the evidence concerning HSR and modal shift in both secondary analyses of previous studies and in newer studies that use primarily original data. The studies that were reviewed comprise a large variety of HSR systems, time periods, data sources, and means of analysis.

关键词：汽车；高速公路；现状

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Catalytic converters are used to reduce exhaust emissions from ICEs. They convert exhaust emission such as CO, HC, and NOx into less harmful gases such as CO2 and N2, and also H2O. Precious metals such as platinum, palladium, rhodium and vanadium are used as catalysts for coating ceramic beads in these converters. These converters are highly priced because of the expensive nature of precious metals. With the growing need for fuel economy and enactment of stringent emission norms, automotive catalytic converter manufacturers are now focusing on developing improved catalytic converters. In addition, rising demand for and sales of automobiles globally is also contributing to market growth.

关键词：催化转换器；降低；废气排放；钯；铑；钒；催化剂

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Car rental services operate through a network of pickup/drop-off points and offer a range of vehicles that customers can pay to drive as and when required. Car rental is an alternative to car ownership. In this system, vehicles are owned by a firm or organization that rents them to users for short periods by the day or through monthly or annual plans. Over the past three decades, car rental has grown from a basic service provided by popular organizations to a widely recognized component of the urban transport industry. It is also quickly developing into a globalized industry that can provide many transportation, land use, environmental, and social benefits.

关键词：汽车租赁服务；拾音/落客点；网络操作；支付所需；替代车；所有权

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GDI systems, also known as fuel stratified injection systems, atomize fuel and spray fuel vapors into the combustion chamber. The main components of an automotive GDI system are the fuel pump, fuel injectors, fuel pressure regulators, and sensors. GDI systems are fuel-efficient, offer highperformance output, and emit low levels of pollutants compared to carburetor engines.

关键词：GDI系统；燃料分层；喷射系统；雾化燃油和喷射燃料；蒸气；燃烧室

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An engine coolant is a heat transfer liquid used to remove the surplus heat from an ICE. It also helps in providing protection against corrosion and preventing freezing during winters. In terms of products, coolant is classified into three categories: ethylene glycol-based, propylene glycolbased, and glycerin/glycerol-based coolants. Ethylene glycol-based coolants are extensively used in the global automotive industry. Since they are toxic, automotive manufacturers are shifting to coolants made of propylene glycol. Owing to advances in technology and to meet automobile manufacturers’ need for coolants with longer lifespans, manufacturers are developing coolants with longer replacement cycles. The rising demand for automobiles (passenger cars and commercial vehicles, especially LCVs) in emerging countries positively affects market growth, as does an increase in the average lifespan of automobiles due to the advanced technologies used in their manufacture.

关键词：发动机冷却剂；ICE；除多余热量；热传递液体；提供防腐蚀；防止；冬季结冰

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