A template of pre-crash scenarios is presented to depict national crash statistics and kinematic information of time-to-collision for the design of appropriate crash countermeasures based on vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications. This template serves the development of functional requirements, performance specifications, test procedures, and benefits estimation for potential light-vehicle V2V safety applications. A set of ten pre-crash scenarios is suggested as a priority list to be addressed by V2V technology for light vehicles (i.e., passenger cars, vans and minivans, sport utility vehicles, and light pickup trucks with gross vehicle weight ratings of 10,000 pounds or less). This report presents the time-to-collision equations as well as the crash statistics for each of the ten priority scenarios based on data available in the General Estimates System, National Motor Vehicle Crash Causation Survey, and Event Data Recorder databases.

关键词：汽车；安全通信；撞车

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Electric vehicles will longitudinally vibrate obviously under acceleration and regenerative braking conditions (because of torsional vibration of the electric vehicle powertrain).This paper includes models of motor rotor,gear reducer and differential assembly,half shafts,tire and body and nonlinear powertrain dynamic model in consideration of gear backlash and frictional characteristics between tire and ground.Real car tests confirm that it is correct under acceleration conditions.Then a two mass-spring damper linear model which is simplified from the nonlinear powertrain dynamic model is proposed to design torsional vibration control algorithm based on state feedback.The simulation results show that the algorithm can actively eliminate torsional vibration.

关键词：汽车；电动汽车；动力系统

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关键词：汽车；交叉研究；交通安全

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In this paper, fisher discriminant analysis (FDA) is used for fault isolation and diagnosis in rail vehicle suspension systems. The suspension systems are equipped with acceleration sensors in the corners of the car body and the two bogies. The faults considered are the lateral damper faults and the lateral spring faults in suspension systems. FDA provides an optimal projection space on the basis of the training data including the fault data and normal data to classify the test data. A vehicle model is built by SIMPACK/MATLAB software with real parameters to obtain the simulation data and the effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by simulation.

关键词：汽车；故障检测；判别分析

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This report summarizes key trends in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, fuel economy, and CO2- and fuel economy-related technology for gasoline- and diesel-fueled personal vehicles sold in the United States, from model years (MY) 1975 through 2012. Personal vehicles are those vehicles that EPA classifies as cars, light-duty trucks, or medium-duty passenger vehicles. The data in this report cover the MY 1975-2012 timeframe, supersede the data in previous reports in this series, and, for many important reasons, should not be compared with data from previous years editions of this report. Most CO2 emissions and fuel economy values in this report have been adjusted to reflect 'real world' consumer performance and therefore are not comparable to CO2 emissions and fuel economy standards.

关键词：汽车；轻型汽车技术；二氧化碳

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In natural traffic flow, the information from preceding vehicles predominantly determines driver behavior. With connected vehicle technologies, drivers can receive information from both preceding and following vehicles. This information creates new opportunities for vehicle coordination and control at the microscopic level on the basis of bidirectional information. Although bidirectional car-following models have been studied since the 1960s, most existing car-following models, especially those used by adaptive cruise control technologies, are still forward-only car-following models. This paper serves as a first step toward the use of bidirectional car-following models for microscopic vehicle coordination and control. The focus is on the study of the models' general control characteristics and impact on traffic flow stability. A general bidirectional control framework is proposed to convert any car-following model into its bidirectional form. Four representative General Motors and optimal velocity car-following models are reformulated and calibrated against field vehicle trajectory data collected in the next-generation simulation program (NGSIM). The bidirectional control characteristics of the selected models were evaluated by tuning of the percentage of backward information considered in the final car-following decision. The evaluation uses forward versus backward acceleration diagrams and a ring road stability analysis of equilibrium states obtained from NGSIM data. The results indicate that the increase in the contribution of backward information may help alleviate traffic congestion and stabilize traffic flow. An operating range of the backward information contribution of between 5% and 20% is recommended to ensure that the resulting models are still physical and realistic for both free-flow and congestion situations.

关键词：汽车；通用汽车；安全

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This report focuses on four technology revolutions that are here today. In the last five years they have achieved dramatic reductions in cost1 and this has been accompanied by a surge in consumer, industrial and commercial deployment. Although these four technologies still represent a small percentage of their total market (e.g. electricity, cars and lighting), they are growing rapidly. The four key technologies this report focuses on are: Onshore wind power; Polysilicon photovoltaic modules; LED lighting; and Electric vehicles.

关键词：汽车；能源革命；清洁能源

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The two-dimensional traffic model of Biham, Middleton and Levine (Phys. Rev. A, 1992) is a simple cellular automaton that exhibits a wide range of complex behavior. It consists of both northbound and eastbound cars traveling on a rectangular array of cells, each cell equipped with a traffic signal. The traffic signals switch synchronously from allowing northbound flow to eastbound flow. By gating individual traffic signals, i.e. allowing individual traffic signals to break from synchrony in predetermined, deterministic scenarios based on the local state of traffic, the range for which the system self-organizes into a state of unimpeded flow is extended. On a 100x100 cell array, this additional intelligence enables accomodation of 200 cars more than the original BML model, without any reduction in average velocity.

关键词：汽车；信号；BML模型

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OH Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) and picosecond (ps), broadband Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS) are used for time-resolved temperature and time-resolved, absolute OH number density measurements in lean H2-air, CH4-air, C2H4-air, and C3H8-air mixtures in a nanosecond (ns) pulse discharge cell/plasma flow reactor. The premixed fuel air flow in the reactor, initially at T0 = 500 K and P = 100 torr, is excited by a repetitive ns pulse discharge in a plane-to-plane geometry (peak voltage 28 kV, discharge gap 10 mm, estimated pulse energy 1.25 mJ/pulse), operated in burst mode at 10 kHz pulse repetition rate. In most measurements, burst duration is limited to 50 pulses, to preclude plasma-assisted ignition. The discharge uniformity in air and fuel air flows is verified using sub-ns-gated images (employing an intensified charge-coupled device camera). Temperatures measured at the end of the discharge burst are in the range of T = 550 600 K, using both OH LIF and CARS, and remain essentially unchanged for up to 10 ms after the burst. Time-resolved temperature measured by CARS during plasmaassisted ignition of H2-air is in good agreement with kinetic model predictions. Based on CARS measurement, vibrational nonequilibrium is not a significant factor at the present conditions. Time-resolved, absolute OH number density, measured after the discharge burst, demonstrates that OH concentration in C2H4-air, C3H8-air, and CH4 is highest in lean mixtures. In H2-air, OH concentration is nearly independent of the equivalence ratio. In C2H4-air and C3H8-air, unlike in CH4- air and in H2-air, transient OH-concentration overshoot after the discharge is detected. In C2H4-air and C3H8-air, OH decays after the discharge on the time scale of 0.02 0.1 ms, suggesting little accumulation during the burst of pulses repeated at 10 kHz. In CH4-air and H2-air, OH concentration decays within 0.1 1.0 ms and 0.5 1.0 ms, respectively, showing that it may accumulate during the burst.

关键词：汽车；燃料；能源

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A 37-year-old diesel mechanic employed by a railroad transportation company died when his loaded utility truck collided with the rear of a semi-trailer on a four-lane interstate highway. The mechanic was driving at highway speed during daylight hours when he failed to stop in time and struck the semi, which was moving slowly in traffic that had backed up due to a car fire two miles downstream. There was severe damage to the mechanic's truck, with underside of the cab and intrusion up to the right rear tires of the trailer ahead. The force of the collision caused a chain reaction, pushing the struck tractor-trailer forward into a second tractor-trailer that had stopped in backed up traffic. Fire and rescue responders arrived from the nearby town located four miles away. The mechanic, who was wearing a safety belt, suffered blunt force trauma as a result of the collision and was pronounced deceased at the scene. He was extricated by mechanical means from the truck cab and was found holding a cell phone. Law enforcement officers' examination of the phone activity revealed the mechanic had exchanged several voice/text messages prior to the crash and was initiating a voice/text message application at the time of the collision. The driver's failure to notice the tractor trailer ahead and stop in time was attributed to texting. Drivers of the other two vehicles were not severely injured.

关键词：汽车；交通安全；机动车事故

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