Ion-exchange chromatography is a separation process that utilizes the charge of the medium and desired particle. This process can be used for almost any kind of charged molecules ranging from large proteins to small nucleotides and amino acids. Mobile phage refers to the mobile molecules in the mixture. It is usually a concentration of a buffer, pH, and a salt. The opposite charged solute ions get attracted to the stationary phage by electrostatic force, and the stationary phage resin is used to covalently attach anions or cations onto it.

The need for security technologies, including highly reliable and accessible personal authentication and identification systems, has increased mainly due to the frequent instances of security breaches, identity theft, and fraud in different sectors. Biometrics has emerged as a suitable security and monitoring solution to meet this need, as it is based on the behavioral and physiological characteristics of an individual, which are difficult to replicate.

Affinity chromatography is a separation method that utilizes the specific binding interaction between an immobilized ligand and its binding partner for separation and purification. Boronate affinity chromatography is based on the boronate functional group and used for the selective separation and molecular recognition of cis-diolcontaining compounds in industries like healthcare, pharmaceutical, and biotechnology.

Sludge is a blend of liquid and solid wet mud-like components generated during the treatment of wastewater. It is viscous in nature. It contains water, natural materials, chemicals, and microorganisms including pathogens. The sludge produced by different industries include pollutants (heavy metals, pathogens, and organic pollutants) and compounds of agricultural value (organic waste, phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur). The treatment of sludge depends on the pollution load of the treated water, and the characteristics of the sludge depend on the wastewater treatments undertaken.

Security of data and financial assets have been a key concern for banks as well as for customers. Numeric keypads, keys, and identity badges were widely used to prevent unauthorized access to data and premises. With technological advancements, twofactor authentication was introduced, where individuals could gain access to secure premises after they are authenticated twice, via hardware devices and numeric codes. However, hackers can gain access to hardware devices and obtain numeric codes, which increases the security risks, especially in the BFSI sector.

A biometric sensor is a transducer, which converts the biometric input signal (fingerprints, voice, vein patterns, or facial traits) of its user into an electrical signal. In order to authenticate any biometric measurement, a biometric sensor is required to scan the user's fingerprint or voice or face in the hardware set.

Across the world, there has been an unprecedented interest in biofuels over the past decade. The main reason for this is the volatility in crude oil prices, which is affecting the economic condition of many countries that do not have significant oil and gas reserves to support their growing economy. High dependence on non-renewable fuels has created economic as well as environmental concerns, such as rising greenhouse gas emissions. Several developing and developed economies have implemented regulatory reforms, blending targets, and statutory norms while using biofuels to offset the growing environmental risks associated with conventional fuels.

Advances in materials sciences have led to greater focus on novel materials that are biocompatible in terms of chemical and mechanical reactiveness. Bioactive materials form a class of innovative biomaterials that can react and bind to tissues present in the human body. These materials possess desirable properties such as fracture toughness and elastic modulus, which aid adherence. They are extensively used as tissue replacement and repair materials and are becoming increasingly common in surgical procedures.

A biosensor consists of a bio-response recognition component. It can be referred to as a bio-component with a transducer that converts a biological response into an electrical signal, which is then amplified, processed, and displayed on the display unit. The combination of the bio-component and the transducer is referred to as the biosensor.

A DNA microarray is a collection of microscopic DNA spots that are attached to a solid surface. DNA microarrays allow the simultaneous monitoring of expression of thousands of genes. They can be used for both determination of mRNA levels and for genotyping. Protein microarrays help in monitoring the level of translation of proteins and the testing of enzyme actions. The tool is widely used to ascertain whether a particular individual’s DNA contains a mutation in genes.