The pharmaceuticals and healthcare sector in Indonesia is at an early stage of development although sectoral maturity has been growing in recent years. Industry development has been catalysed, to some degree, by the rollout of the Indonesian government’s JKN programme that promises universal healthcare to all Indonesians by 2019. This has significantly increased healthcare demand as more patients become able to afford healthcare, and the higher demand has motivated the growth in supply of healthcare services as well as medical devices and pharmaceuticals. In many cases in the medical devices and pharmaceuticals subsectors, products are imported but the Indonesian government has been seeking to increase the share of local production to reduce import dependence.

Oil and gas together account for 35.61% of the total energy consumption in India. The country is the world’s third-largest consumer of petroleum products after the US and China. India boasts substantial underdeveloped oil and gas reserves which is propitious, as the crude oil and natural gas have been in the ascendant, in an effort to replace coal as the predominant source for power generation in the country. The government has therefore been focusing on widespread regulatory and pricing reforms in this sector to unlock stranded resources, encourage investments and reduce bureaucratic inefficiencies.

India’s food and beverage sector features a medium-to-high level of competition, with a total of 39,318 active factories at the end of FY2016, most of them small-scale industrial units. At around 60% in FY2016, the share of the organised sector in food processing is relatively high, although there are significant variations across segments, according to IBEF. Nevertheless, the unorganised sector still has considerable influence, which intensifies competition. Liberalisation of the FDI rules for the sector in recent years has attracted several large foreign investors willing to tap the growth potential of the domestic market.

At a segment level, Emerging Europe’s automotive market is dominated by passenger cars, accounting for 87% of the region’s total motor vehicle manufacturing and for 83% of sales in 2017. Every third automobile in Europe is assembled in Emerging Europe, with total passenger car output in the region rising by 7.2% y/y to 6.6mn units in 2017. The region’s largest car maker is the Czech Republic, where output rose by 5.2% y/y to a new all-time-high of 1.4mn passenger cars in 2017. The strong performance came on the back of a record output at the country’s major carmaker Skoda Auto, which makes nearly two-thirds of the cars in the Czech Republic. Russia was Emerging Europe’s second biggest car maker in 2017, assembling 1.3mn cars, up by 19.9% against 2016. A 20.2% y/y growth helped Turkey climb to the third spot with a car output of 1.1mn units. Slovakia, on the other hand, slipped to the fourth position as output there fell by 3.7%. Slovakia is one of the two automotive producers in the region that is solely engaged in the production of passenger cars. The other one is Slovenia, which produced nearly 190,000 cars in 2017, up 42% y/y, the strongest annual growth in the region in that year.

The lifting of the ban on mining activities in 2009, coupled with profound structural reforms in the regulatory framework and a wide investor engagement campaign carried out by the government during 2016-2017, have spurred investor interest towards the underdeveloped mineral resources of Ecuador. As of December 2017, the government had granted 275 new mining concessions to 33 private companies, mainly from Australia, Canada and the US. Moreover, over 18 major players have entered the domestic mining sector through M&A deals and greenfield investments, including BHP Billiton, Anglo American, Codelco, Newcrest Mining, Fortescue Metals Group and Hancock Prospecting.

competition in Brazil’s pharma and healthcare sector is becoming increasingly intense. The deceleration of the domestic drug market has propelled the pharmaceutical companies operating in the country to search for scale and efficiency gains through organic growth, acquisitions and internationalisation of their operations. The opening of the healthcare market to foreign investors in January 2015 also unleashed a consolidation trend, triggered by the entry of both strategic and institutional investors. Given the deficiencies in the provision of quality health services, healthcare will remain the subsector with the highest growth potential in the medium term.

competition in Brazil’s pharma and healthcare sector is becoming increasingly intense. The deceleration of the domestic drug market has propelled the pharmaceutical companies operating in the country to search for scale and efficiency gains through organic growth, acquisitions and internationalisation of their operations. The opening of the healthcare market to foreign investors in January 2015 also unleashed a consolidation trend, triggered by the entry of both strategic and institutional investors. Given the deficiencies in the provision of quality health services, healthcare will remain the subsector with the highest growth potential in the medium term.

In recent years, Brazil’s electric power sector has witnessed a restructuring process, marked by the entry and the expansion of the positions of both domestic and foreign investors, especially from the US, China and European countries. This process was further supported by the asset divestment plans of incumbent electric utilities aimed at reducing their indebtedness, which allowed the fast entry of new players at bargain prices. An additional positive impact came from government efforts to increase the country’s generation capacity – above all RES-based capacity – and improve the national power transmission network through public auctions.

The use of headphones can be traced back to the 1880s were mainly used for listening to electric and audio signals. As amplifiers and audio drivers were not invented at that time, their use to stream music and other digital content was not possible. The rapid advancements in technology, manufacturing, transmission, and portable consumer electronics goods have laid the foundation for innovations in headphones, leading to their vast personal and commercial uses.