Coronary artery disease (CAD), also known as coronary heart disease (CHD) or simply heart disease, develops when coronary arteries that supply blood, oxygen, and nutrients to the heart become damaged or diseased. Cholesterol-containing deposits (plaque formation) narrow the coronary arteries and decrease the blood flow to the heart, causing CAD. The decreased blood flow to the heart may cause angina and shortness of breath. Complete blockage of blood flow can lead to heart attack and permanent damage to the heart muscles. Furthermore, over time, CAD also weakens the heart muscles, leading to heart failure and abnormal heart rhythms called arrhythmias.

The extraction of nucleic acids is the starting point in any molecular biology study and is thus considered a crucial process. The first crude extraction of DNA was performed by Friedrich Miescher, a Swiss physician, in 1869. He accidentally purified DNA from the nucleus while investigating proteins from leukocytes and found that the substance's property was fundamentally different from proteins and hence coined the term nuclein. DNA can be extracted from diverse sources, such as fineneedle aspirates of body fluids and biopsy samples; dried blood spots, buccal swabs, and fingerprints; soil, plant, and animal tissue forensic samples; and insects, protozoa, bacteria, and yeast.

In recent years, the In Vitro Diagnostic (IVD) industry has rapidly evolved to support different applications such as the screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of chronic and infectious diseases. Currently, a comprehensive array of diagnostic technologies is available on the IVD market, which includes simple lateral flow assays intended for self-testing and complex solutions integrating active devices used by central laboratories. IVD products also include reagents and accessories intended for use with IVD devices to perform diagnostic laboratory tests.

Over the last few years, the global pharmaceutical industry has undergone significant changes. In recent years, the cost of drugs has been increasing rapidly, a majority of which is contributed by funds allocated to research and development. According to a report published by Congressional Budget Office (CBO) in April 2021, titled, ‘Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry,’ the U.S. pharmaceutical industry’s R&D expenditure in 2019 was nearly $83 billion, spanning a range of activities such as drug discovery, conducting clinical tests, and drug innovation, among others. Additionally, the report also states that the budget share allocated by pharmaceutical companies toward research and development has also increased. The following table shows a rough estimate of the annual R&D expenditure of pharmaceutical companies.

Medical lasers have been used in surgical contexts for many decades. In recent years, advances in easy-to-use, compact, and self-contained modules have opened doors for novel or enhanced procedures in ophthalmology, dermatology, dentistry, and neurosurgery to improve patients’ quality of life. Flexible technologies that power and focus on medical lasers have changed the primary purpose of lasers. From being used as a cutting tool, lasers are now used for minimally invasive cleaning and reinvigoration of damaged body areas in the medical field.

Proteomics, also known as the large-scale study of proteins, involves the study of the structure and function of proteins and their interactions in the complex body. A proteome is a set of proteins present in either a cell, tissue, or organism, and its population may differ over time due to differences in gene expression. Proteomics investigates how different proteins interact with each other and the roles that they have within the organism, and assess the activities, modifications, and interactions of proteins within protein complexes to determine their function.

Medical lasers have been used in surgical contexts for many decades. In recent years, advances in easy-to-use, compact, and self-contained modules have opened doors for novel or enhanced procedures in ophthalmology, dermatology, dentistry, and neurosurgery to improve patients’ quality of life. Flexible technologies that power and focus on medical lasers have changed the primary purpose of lasers. From being used as a cutting tool, lasers are now used for minimally invasive cleaning and reinvigoration of damaged body areas in the medical field.

Ophthalmoscopes are handheld eye examination equipment used for inspecting the retina and other parts of the eye. Ophthalmoscopes enable direct observation of the retina, a technique known as fundoscopy. They are used to examine the back of the eye, including the optic disk, retinal blood vessels, retina, choroid, and macula. They are prominently used to screen ocular diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, AMD, retinal detachment, and other retinal disorders. In 1851, the German physiologist Hermann von Helmholtz introduced the first ophthalmoscope.

Smart farming is a concept in agriculture that involves data collection, data analysis, and data-driven decision making to increase yield, monitor crops and animals, and improve overall efficiency in all possible agricultural operations. Smart farming method or concept employs various technologies that become the means of operation. For example, to collect data, smart farming depends on the internet of things (IoT) and other sensorbased technologies, which allow seamless data collection. For data analysis, various farm management software and artificial intelligence (AI) based tools can be used to make sense of the collected data, and later autonomous machines and other mechanical equipment can be utilized to take necessary actions; for example, drones can be used to spread inputs such as pesticides and fertilizers.

Preimplantation Genetic Testing: According to National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), preimplantation genetic testing is defined as the testing of oocytes or embryos at the preimplantation stage for genetic defects. The technique is majorly performed in conjunction with in-vitro fertilization to minimize the risk of passing down inherited conditions. The respective genetic test is performed in the cases where there is a higher risk of passing on the inherited conditions. Some of the common conditions such as single gene diseases, chromosomal rearrangements, and aneuploidies, with the help of techniques such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), microarray, and next generation sequencing (NGS).