关键词：(生物学);乳腺癌;细胞转移;磷酸化;疾病;反馈
摘 要：TGF-/Smad signaling plays crucial roles in breast cancer cell invasion and breast tumor metastasis. Understanding how TGF-signaling is regulated in metastatic breast cancer cells will allow for development of novel targeted therapy and prognostic markers. In this research, we study the mechanisms through which 2 signaling molecules, G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) and Breast Cancer Anti-estrogen Resistance 3 (BCAR3), antagonize Smad signaling in breast cancer cells. We also study for correlations between expressions of these factors in breast tumors to disease outcomes. Our results advance current understanding of an important aspect of breast cancer pathology, namely TGF--induced metastasis. They also define GRK2 and BCAR3 as novel prognostic markers of breast cancer disease relapse and metastasis.