关键词：电池供电；能量收获；纳米技术；能量转换
摘 要：The current rapid advancement of micro-/nanotechnology has gradually shift its focus from the development of discrete devices to the development of more complex integrated systems that are capable of performing multiple functions, such as sensing,actuating/responding, communicating, and controlling, by the integration of individual devices through state-of-the-art microfabrication technologies. Furthermore, it is highly desired for these multifunctional micro-/nanosystems (MNSs) to operate wirelessly and self-sufficiently without the use of a battery, especially in applications such as remote sensing and implanted electronics. This operation scheme will not only extend the life span and enhance the adaptability of these MNSs while greatly reducing the footprint and cost of the entire system, but it will also increase the adaptability of these MNSs to the environment in which they are deployed. As the dimensions of individual devices shrink, the power consumption decreases accordingly to a reasonably low level, so that energy scavenged directly from the ambient is sufficient to drive the devices. The concept of self-powered nanotechnology was first proposed and developed by the Wang research group at Georgia Institute of Technology, with the aim of building a system that operates by harvesting energy from the ambient vicinity of the system and converting it into usable electrical power for wireless, self-sufficient, and independent operations. A typical self-powered MNS should consist of a low-power microcontroller unit, high-performance data-processing/storage components, a wireless signal transceiver, ultrasensitive sensors based on micro-/nanoelectromechancial systems (MEMSs/NEMSs), and most importantly the embedded powering/energy-storage units.