关键词：操作系统；信息盗窃；软件堆栈；恶意软件；信息安全
摘 要：
内 容：The current consumer software stack makes end-usersystems extremely difficult to secure. Consumer operatingsystems are large and complex, so they are easilysubverted by malware, which makes its way onto users’machines either by exploiting vulnerable applications orthrough social engineering. Once malware has compromisedthe OS, it can easily disable security applicationsrunning in the OS. Afterwards, the malware is free to engage in information theft or to enlist the user’s machinein attacks on third parties. As a result, there is a flourishingmarket in compromised bank accounts, credit cards,login credentials, and botnets.