The Smart Grid is expected to increase the efficiency of the current power grid, to cope with volatile power production based on renewable resources, to reduce the need for fossil-based energy resources, and to guarantee the stability of power supply. To achieve these objectives, today's power grid is enhanced by information and communication technology to increase the information flow and to enable a sophisticated power production and power demand management. However, as the power grid is extended to a network of networks, it does not only become smarter, but also more vulnerable to security threats. This chapter discusses the current status and future developments of the Smart Grid and its challenges. Enhancements in terms of energy efficiency and new energy management approaches are covered as well as novel security challenges in different parts of the Smart Grid architecture. In short, this chapter analyzes some of the most striking risks and threats concerning the new Smart Grid infrastructure and discusses interdependencies between energy efficiency and security in the Smart Grid.

关键词：智能电网；可再生资源；信息流；电力需求管理

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Meningococcal disease describes the spectrum of infections caused by Neisseria meningiditis, including meningitdis, bacteremia, and bacteremic pneumonia. Two quadrivalent meningococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines that provide protection against meningococcal serogroups A, C, W, and Y (MenACWY-D (Menactra, manufactured by Sanofi Pasteur, Inc., Swiftwater, Pennsylvania) and MenACWY-CRM (Menveo, manufactured by Novartis Vaccines, Cambridge, Massachusetts)) are licensed in the United States for use among persons aged 2 through 55 years. MenACWY-D also is licensed for use among infants and toddlers aged 9 through 23 months. Quadrivalent meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPSV4 (Menommune, manufactured by sanofi pasteur, Inc., Swiftwater, Pennsylvania)) is the only vaccine licensed for use among persons aged > or = 56 years. A bivalent meningococcal polysaccharide protein conjugate vaccine that provides protection against meningococcal serogroups C and Y along with Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) (Hib-MenCY-TT (MenHibrix, manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium)) is licensed for use in children aged 6 weeks through 18 months. This report compiles and summarizes all recommendations from CDCfs Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) regarding prevention and control of meningococcal disease in the United States, specifically the changes in the recommendations published since 2005 (CDC. Prevention and control of meningococcal disease: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 2005;54(No. RR-7)). As a comprehensive summary of previously published recommendations, this report does not contain any new recommendations; it is intended for use by clinicians as a resource. ACIP recommends routine vaccination with a quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MenACWY) for adolescents aged 11 or 12 years, with a booster dose at age 16 years. ACIP also recommends routine vaccination for persons at increased risk for meningococcal disease (i.e., persons who have persistent complement component deficiencies, persons who have anatomic or functional asplenia, microbiologists who routinely are exposed to isolates of N. meningitidis, military recruits, and persons who travel to or reside in areas in which meningococcal disease is hyperendemic or epidemic).

关键词：脑膜炎；流行病学；预防；传染病；脑膜炎球菌病

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农药的使用对农业的发展发挥着重大作用,不仅可以使农产品保收、增产,还可以提升产品质量.但使用农药的同时也造成严重的农药污染以及食品安全问题.本文对可降低农产品中农药残留量的物理技术或方法进行了综述,包括光照、超声波、电离辐射、低温等离子体、超高压、洗涤、加热等,以期为相关技术的应用及提升、相关设备和产品的研发生产、农产品生产与消费安全的集成创新,提供理论依据,提高农产品食用安全性.

关键词：物理技术;农产品;农药残留;降解;physical techniques;agricultural products;pesticide residue;degradation

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采用Aspen Plus流程模拟软件对一种典型裂解汽油加氢装置工艺流程进行了模拟计算,并对换热网络进行了夹点分析,结合实际生产运行情况,对装置进行了用能分析.模拟结果表明,裂解汽油加氢装置存在换热网络跨夹点传热量大、二段加氢反应器进料加热炉热效率低、二段加氢反应器出料水冷却器有效能损失大、脱C5塔进料温度低造成塔的加热蒸汽消耗量大等问题.提出了包括二段加氢反应器进出料换热采用高效换热器、二段加氢反应器出料循环氢气采用热分离流程和优化换热网络等内容的改造方案；分析了改造方案的可行性,估算了改造的投资和收益情况,通过改造可显著降低裂解汽油加氢装置的能耗.

关键词：裂解汽油加氢;节能;换热网络优化;Aspen Plus软件;pyrolysis gasoline hydrogenation;energy-saving;heat exchanger network optimization;Aspen Plus software

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以对DPPH自由基清除率为考察指标,筛选适宜蛋清肽制备蛋白酶.研究酶活、温度、蛋清含量及pH值对蛋清肽清除DPPH自由基的影响,利用正交试验探讨制备蛋清抗氧化肽的最佳工艺；以抗坏血酸(VC)为对照,研究蛋清肽总还原力大小、对羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基的清除作用及对脂质过氧化的抑制作用；研究蛋清肽的部分特性.结果表明:风味蛋白酶适宜蛋清肽的制备,酶解时间选择90 min.最佳工艺为:pH 5,45℃,蛋清体积分数8％,酶活1 125U.此条件下对DPPH自由基清除率为53.273％.蛋清肽对羟自由基(0.308 4～1.542 mg/mL)、超氧阴离子自由基(0.089～0.443 mg/mL)具有一定的清除能力,清除率随其质量浓度的增大而增加,且具有一定的还原力.对羟自由基,VC的IC50=0.092 mg/mL,蛋清肽IC50=1.24 mg/mL,对超氧阴离子自由基,VC的IC50=0.021 6 mg/mL,蛋清肽的IC50=0.054 mg/mL.在0.667～10.667 mg/mL范围内,蛋清肽对脂质过氧化的抑制作用随其质量浓度增加而减小,在0.667～10.667 μg/mL范围内反而具有促进脂质过氧化作用.蛋清肽等电点在pH 3左右,其对羟自由基清除率随温度增加逐渐下降；在pH 2～10范围内,其溶解度几乎成线性增加.

关键词：蛋清肽;工艺优化;抗氧化作用;特性;egg white peptide;technology optimization;antioxidant activities;characteristics

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量子点-聚合物纳米复合材料在光致或电致发光器件、太阳能电池等方面都有优异的表现.这些材料的性能依赖于制备方法及聚合物基底的选择.综述了近几年来国内外制备量子点-聚合物纳米复合材料的几种工艺,介绍了几种常见的聚合物基底及其相应的量子点-聚合物纳米复合材料,并给出量子点-聚合物纳米复合材料在QD-LED、太阳能电池等应用领域的研究进展,最后探讨了目前存在的问题以及今后的研究方向.

关键词：量子点-聚合物纳米复合材料;制备方法;聚合物基底;quantun dots-polymer nanocomposite;preparation method;polymer matrix

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主要概述了石墨烯基功能性复合材料的研究进展,着重介绍石墨烯与聚合物、其他碳质材料、金属纳米粒子以及金属化合物纳米粒子组成的石墨烯基复合材料的研究进展及其应用前景.

关键词：石墨烯;复合材料;聚合物;无机纳米材料

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膨化率是衡量淀粉类挤压膨化产品品质的重要指标之一.原料的理化特性、挤压设备参数、挤压工艺参数等对淀粉挤压产品的膨化率有重要影响.这些因素通过影响挤压膨化动力、熔融体黏度或表面张力、玻璃化转变温度等影响产品的膨化率.挤压膨化动力越大,产品膨化率越大,但过高的动力会降低膨化率.当膨化动力较大时,熔融体黏度或表面张力越大,膨化率越大；膨化动力较小时,张力越小,膨化率越大.熔融体玻璃化转变温度越低,产品膨化率越低.

关键词：淀粉;挤压;膨化率;理化特性;工艺参数;starch;extrusion;expansion ratio;Physical-Chemical characteristics;process parameter

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回顾了近年来织物抗菌整理的研究进展,包括新型抗茵剂,如壳聚糖及其衍生物、耐久性季铵盐化合物(QAS)聚合体、PHMB抗菌剂、可再生卤胺抗菌剂等;新型抗菌整理方法则介绍了纳米颗粒聚硅氧烷交联抗菌整理和溶胶-凝胶法抗菌整理等一系列前沿研究的进展和存在的问题.

关键词：抗微生物整理;壳聚糖;季铵盐聚合物;PHMB;纳米材料;溶胶-凝胶法;antimicrobial finish;chitosan;quaternary ammonium compounds;PHMB;nano materials;sol-gel method

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碳纳米管因具有特殊的结构和独特的物理化学特性而被广泛研究.它优良的嵌锂性能使其可能成为一种优良的锂离子电池材料.单独的碳纳米管作为锂离子电池负极材料,有优点也存在着缺点,将碳纳米管与其他材料复合,利用复合材料中各组分间的协同效应,达到优劣互补,可以大大提高锂离子电池材料的性能.综述了近年来研究者们对碳纳米管及其复合材料在锂离子电池负极材料中的研究进展,并展望了碳纳米管/硅基复合材料的研究前景.

关键词：锂离子电池;负极材料;碳纳米管;碳纳米管复合材料;lithium-ion battery;anode material;carbon nanotube;carbon nanotube composite material

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