According to CDC data, racial and ethnic minorities in the United States--particularly Blacks/African-Americans and Hispanics/Latinos--have been disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS, representing 72 percent of new HIV infections and 74 percent of all AIDS diagnoses in 2011. In addition to core funding programs through CDC and HRSA that are intended to provide services to all qualifying individuals affected by HIV/AIDS, MAI seeks to improve HIV-related health outcomes and reduce health disparities for minority communities through the provision of grant funds. MAI grants are distributed to a variety of entities. The Ryan White HIV/AIDS Treatment Extension Act of 2009 required GAO to (1) examine the services provided, population served, and administrative challenges faced by MAI grantees, and (2) describe the best practices identified by grantees and other stakeholders for community outreach and capacity building. GAO conducted a review of services reported in fiscal year 2011 MAI grantee annual reports from a generalizable sample of 100 grantees, and interviewed agency officials and other stakeholders. GAO also reviewed grant administrative requirements, and data on MAI grant amounts and populations served.

关键词：医药；人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）；获得性免疫缺陷综合症（艾滋病）；行政程序；

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Obesity has a multifactorial etiology. Although obesity is widespread and associated with serious health hazards, its effective prevention and treatment have been challenging. Among the currently available treatment approaches, lifestyle modification to induce a negative energy balance holds a particularly larger appeal due to its wider reach and relative safety. However, long-term compliance with dietary modifications to reduce energy intake is not effective for the majority. The role of many individual nutrients, foods, and food groups in inducing satiety has been extensively studied. Based on this evidence, we have developed sample weight-loss meal plans that include multiple satiating foods, which may collectively augment the satiating properties of a meal. Compared to a typical American diet, these meal plans are considerably lower in energy density and probably more satiating. A diet that exploits the satiating properties of multiple foods may help increase long-term dietary compliance and consequentially enhance weight loss.

关键词：肥胖；饮食调整；能量密度；饱腹感

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The Smart Grid is expected to increase the efficiency of the current power grid, to cope with volatile power production based on renewable resources, to reduce the need for fossil-based energy resources, and to guarantee the stability of power supply. To achieve these objectives, today's power grid is enhanced by information and communication technology to increase the information flow and to enable a sophisticated power production and power demand management. However, as the power grid is extended to a network of networks, it does not only become smarter, but also more vulnerable to security threats. This chapter discusses the current status and future developments of the Smart Grid and its challenges. Enhancements in terms of energy efficiency and new energy management approaches are covered as well as novel security challenges in different parts of the Smart Grid architecture. In short, this chapter analyzes some of the most striking risks and threats concerning the new Smart Grid infrastructure and discusses interdependencies between energy efficiency and security in the Smart Grid.

关键词：智能电网；可再生资源；信息流；电力需求管理

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Systems descriptions, costs, technical and market readiness assessments are reported for ten solar technologies: solar heating and cooling of buildings (SHACOB), passive, agricultural and industrial process heat (A/IPH), biomass, ocean thermal (OTEC), wind (WECS), solar thermal electric, photovoltaics, satellite power station (SPS), and solar total energy systems (STES). Study objectives, scope, and methods are presented. The cost and market analyses portion of Joint Task 5213/6103 will be used to make commercialization assessments in the conclusions of the final report.

关键词：太阳能；光伏电源；太阳能制冷系统；太阳能采暖系统

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The domain of electromobility extends the topic of the Smart Grid by another large consumer, but also adds storage possibilities. Therefore it is necessary to create a new infrastructure of loading points. The communication is not limited between loading points and the vehicle, but there is also a communication between loading point and the distribution network. Additionally there are many different scenarios possible, whereas the loading point also communicates with EMS/DMS. These chapter addresses the aforementioned points and give further information and possible solutions in terms of communication standards

关键词：智能电网；DMS通信；EMS；电动汽车

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Fats is the general name given to a category of lipids usually referred to as acylglyc-erides, which are esters in which two or three fatty acids are bonded to a glycerol molecule forming monoglycerides, diglycerides, or triglycerides, respectively. The most common fats are triglycerides; these are triesters of glycerol and fatty acids, and can be solid or liquid at room temperature depending on their particular structure and composition. Although the names "oils," "fats," and "lipids" are widely used to refer to fats, the words oils and fats usually apply to lipids that are liquid and solid, respectively, at ambient temperature.

关键词：脂肪；脂肪酸键；甘油单酯；甘油三酯；甘油二酯

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Within this chapter requirements engineering methods and models in context of Smart Grid development are outlined. First, the activities of requirements engineering and their integration into superordinate process models are introduced. Subsequently, the layered models of the GridWise Architectural Council and the Smart Grid Architectural Model (SGAM) are outlined. These cover viewpoints from business requirements to component specification and therefore may be used to structure Smart-Grid-specific requirements engineering activities. The application of the SGAM is illustrated by using the example of the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI). Since the development of Smart Grids represents a long-term engineering effort, this chapter also introduces the concept of technology roadmaps to manage strategic goals and requirements. The assessment of technological and organizational progress in Smart Grid development complements this approach and is subsequently covered by the discussion of the Smart Grid Maturity Model (SGMM). The chapter concludes with a brief summary and references for further reading regarding inputs to the SGAM Layers.

关键词：智能电网；需求工程；流程模型；成熟度模型

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Meningococcal disease describes the spectrum of infections caused by Neisseria meningiditis, including meningitdis, bacteremia, and bacteremic pneumonia. Two quadrivalent meningococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines that provide protection against meningococcal serogroups A, C, W, and Y (MenACWY-D (Menactra, manufactured by Sanofi Pasteur, Inc., Swiftwater, Pennsylvania) and MenACWY-CRM (Menveo, manufactured by Novartis Vaccines, Cambridge, Massachusetts)) are licensed in the United States for use among persons aged 2 through 55 years. MenACWY-D also is licensed for use among infants and toddlers aged 9 through 23 months. Quadrivalent meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPSV4 (Menommune, manufactured by sanofi pasteur, Inc., Swiftwater, Pennsylvania)) is the only vaccine licensed for use among persons aged > or = 56 years. A bivalent meningococcal polysaccharide protein conjugate vaccine that provides protection against meningococcal serogroups C and Y along with Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) (Hib-MenCY-TT (MenHibrix, manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium)) is licensed for use in children aged 6 weeks through 18 months. This report compiles and summarizes all recommendations from CDCfs Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) regarding prevention and control of meningococcal disease in the United States, specifically the changes in the recommendations published since 2005 (CDC. Prevention and control of meningococcal disease: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 2005;54(No. RR-7)). As a comprehensive summary of previously published recommendations, this report does not contain any new recommendations; it is intended for use by clinicians as a resource. ACIP recommends routine vaccination with a quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MenACWY) for adolescents aged 11 or 12 years, with a booster dose at age 16 years. ACIP also recommends routine vaccination for persons at increased risk for meningococcal disease (i.e., persons who have persistent complement component deficiencies, persons who have anatomic or functional asplenia, microbiologists who routinely are exposed to isolates of N. meningitidis, military recruits, and persons who travel to or reside in areas in which meningococcal disease is hyperendemic or epidemic).

关键词：脑膜炎；流行病学；预防；传染病；脑膜炎球菌病

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Tobacco is a highly addictive substance with well-documented health risks. Although great progress has been made in reducing and preventing tobacco use in the United States, the rates of cigarette use and dependence remain high in certain subpopulations, including those with substance use disorders. For example, 2011 data show that an estimated 22 percent of U.S. adults are current cigarette smokers, whereas smoking prevalence rates for those in substance abuse treatment exceeded 70 percent between 2005 and 2009. The negative health effects of tobacco use among alcohol- and drug dependent individuals can be substantial. Individuals in substance abuse treatment smoke more heavily than the general population, and consequently are more likely to suffer from tobacco-related morbidity, including cardiopulmonary problems, emphysema, and cancer, than are smokers in the general population. One study of substance abuse treatment clients found that tobacco use caused more deaths than the alcohol or drug use that brought them to treatment; specifically, the rate of death among tobacco users was nearly 1.5 times the rate of death from other addiction-related causes.

关键词：吸烟；卫生服务；癌症；心肺疾病

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Power Line Communication (PLC) systems provide a bi-directional communication platform capable of delivering data for a variety of Smart Grid applications such as home energy management and intelligent meter reading and control. One benefit of applying power line communication on power grid is that it provides an infrastructure that is much more comprehensive and widespread than other wired/wireless alternatives. Power line cables are a shared medium, therefore multiple PLC devices operate on the same frequency over the same power line may interfere with each other, thus reducing the effectiveness of these devices. This publication introduces the coexistence mechanism for the IEEE and ITU-T BB-PLC standards, and provides implementation guidelines for PLC devices to be used for smart grid applications.

关键词：智能电网；宽带；通信网络；数据传输系统；

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