The level of competition in Peru’s pharma and healthcare sector varies across segments. Pharmaceutical retail exhibits a low degree of competition, with one Peruvian company – InRetail Peru – operating five pharmaceutical chains (i.e. Inkafarma, Vanttive, BTL, FASA and MiFarma), which accounted for 58% of drug sales in value terms in 2017. Health insurance is largely controlled by the government, which runs both the public health insurance scheme (SIS) and the social security health insurance scheme (EsSalud). However, the still small private health insurance market has recently grown in size and number of players, registering a moderate degree of competition.

Impulsora Del Desarrollo Y El Empleo En America Latina (IDEAL) is a Mexico-based company, founded in 2005, which is active in the infrastructure construction segment. The company has a diversified portfolio of activities, including: road concessions with a total length of 1,436.5 km; electronic toll services; operation of two water treatment plants with a capacity of 36.27 m3 per second each; generation of hydroelectric energy at two hydropower plants with total capacity of 145 MW; and operation of three multimodal transport terminals located in Mexico City and the state of Mexico. In addition, the company manages two prisons located in the States of Chiapas and Morelos, under concession contracts .

The food and beverage sector is highly competitive and dominated by local companies. It is generally open to foreign investors but the government favours local producers. In 2014, Indonesia limited the number of franchise outlets established by one company to a maximum of 250. The franchisor or franchisee is obliged to use at least 80% of business equipment and raw materials that are domestically produced. Global food companies present in the Indonesian food and beverage market include Nestle, Coca Cola, Unilever and Carrefour. According to BMI Research, Coca Cola has a 90% share of the Indonesian carbonates sub-sector, a 39% share of the Indonesian juice market and a 15% share of the RTD tea market.

In 1986, the Malaysian government launched the First Industrial Masterplan with the aim of developing a broad-based manufacturing sector to transition the economy away from primary products. The chemicals sector was developed during this period to provide critical intermediate and final products for the manufacturing sector as a whole. The petrochemicals and oleochemicals subsectors, in particular, became ways for Malaysia to derive greater value from the country’s vast reserves of crude, oil, natural gas, and palm oil plantations. As companies in Malaysia, facilitated by the government, have invested heavily in building capacity over the years, Malaysia has become a significant global player in the petrochemicals and oleochemicals subsectors.

Although the global pharma & healthcare sector is dominated by large multinational companies, mainly from the developed countries, Latin America has been quickly catching up in building a domestic pharmaceutical production base and expanding the access of the population to innovative medical treatment and quality health services. This was propelled by active government policies directed towards scientific knowledge generation and technology adoption, alignment of the regulation with the best international practices, and infrastructure enhancements in all stages of the healthcare process – from prevention and treatment to rehabilitation and palliative care. Private capitals also played a role, supported by the opening of the pharma and healthcare markets to foreign investors in most countries and the liberalisation of foreign trade in raw inputs, pharmaceuticals and medical devices. From the demand side, the ageing of the population and the rapid shift towards the epidemiological profile of developed countries have resulted in an increasing demand for complex medical treatment, innovative drugs and vaccines.

The Indian metal processing industry is dominated by a small number of large, mostly private, domestic companies. Most Indian metal companies operate globally, and international competition means they must be large enough to achieve economies of scale. Refined lead and zinc production is monopolised by one privately-held company. Most Indian metal processing companies are verticallyintegrated in a sense that they have captive mines as well as power plants. A notable exception is the copper segment in which 98% of total production is based on imported copper concentrate, and only state-owned company Hindustan Copper uses for its production resources from its captive mines.

The pharmaceutical market in the Czech Republic is strongly competitive with numerous foreign companies. There were 90 active companies in 2017, up from 80 in 2014. Foreign players dominate the market due to the high costs related to drug production, especially that of patented drugs. The pharmaceutical industry is among the sectors with high R&D costs, which accounted for about 15%- 20% of the annual revenues of the sector, according to the Ministry of Industry and Trade.

China’s oil and gas sector has been dominated by three state-owned enterprise groups – China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), China Petrochemical Corporation (Sinopec Group) and China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) – for decades. The three majors, all engaging in oil and gas production, have predominant positions in different subsegments, with CNPC mainly focusing on onshore exploration and extraction, Sinopec Group excelling at refining and petrochemicals, and CNOOC in charge of offshore oil and gas assets. In response to the government’s call for SOE reform in the 1990s, the three giants established their own listed arms, restructured business units for better asset integration, and introduced market entities to participate in oil field management. The Chinese government has also encouraged independent domestic players as well as foreign companies to enter the sector.

China’s environmental protection sector contains three major subsectors, namely waste water treatment, solid waste treatment and recycling, and air pollution control. Besides some government guidance on the direction of development, the sector is basically market-driven. Due to the slow technological progress resulting in low entry barriers, the sector accommodates market players of all scales. However, to carry out long-term comprehensive environmental protection projects, which will become more common as the government has taken to ecological improvement and pollution control as a whole, being large in size and financially well secure is a great advantage. According to data from the China Association of Environmental Protection Industry, enterprises with individual revenue of over RMB 100mn, accounting for only 11.6% of the total number of market players, generated over 90% of the market profits in 2017.

The coal mining industry in China has been undergoing an intense consolidation process, with many small inefficient businesses closing down, allowing the number of large coal enterprises to increase. Due to their extensive operating scale and big market shares, SOEs are the sector’s main revenue generators. In 2017, the country’s top five coal producers generated over 22% of the total revenue of the coal mining sector, up from the 15% share in 2016. The government industry reforms envisage further consolidation of China’s mining sector, which is likely to increase the M&A activity in the sector. In order to boost their profits across the value chain, coal producers are expected to further expand their presence in segments such as syngas, olefins and liquid fuels, as well as in the coal-tooil conversion.