Catalytic converters (CATCONs) are required by Federal law to be installed in nearly all gasoline- and diesel-fueled onroad vehicles used in the United States. About 85 percent of the light-duty vehicles and trucks manufactured worldwide are equipped with CATCONs (Ashok Kumar, Director, A1 Specialized Services & Supplies, Inc., written commun. July 10, 2012). These vehicles include buses, cars, light- and heavy-duty trucks, and motorcycles. Many offroad vehicles, such as trail bikes and all-terrain recreational vehicles, are also equipped with CATCONs, but offroad vehicles are not addressed in this paper (Manufacturers of Emission Controls Association, 2008). Portions of the CATCONs (called monoliths) are recycled for their platinum-group metal (PGM) content and for the value of the stainless steel they contain. The cerium contained in the monoliths, however, is disposed of along with the slag produced from the recycling process. Although there is some smelter capacity in the United States to treat the monoliths in order to recover the PGMs, a great percentage of monoliths is exported to Europe and South Africa for recycling, and a lesser amount is exported to Japan. There is presently no commercial-scale capacity in place domestically to recover cerium from the monoliths. Recycling of cerium or cerium compounds from the monoliths could help ensure against possible global supply shortages by increasing the amount that is available in the supply chain as well as the number and geographic distribution of the suppliers. It could also reduce the amount of material that goes into landfills.

关键词：汽车；催化转换器；铈元素

查看摘要 索取原文[14页]

The risk of motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) associated with on-the-job operation of motor vehicles or exposure to road traffic hazards affects millions of workers in the United States, and this risk cuts across all industries and occupations. MVCs are consistently the leading cause of worker fatalities, affecting workers who drive all types of motor vehicles during their work day . passenger cars, heavy trucks, fire apparatus, and many others. A wide variety of interventions may be applied to prevent work-related MVCs: administrative controls such as seat belt policies, distracted-driving policies, pre-trip vehicle checks, driver training, reduced travel, and fatigue management; and engineering controls such as more crashworthy vehicles, advanced driver assistance systems, or active safety systems. Questions remain as to which are the most effective interventions to protect workers from risks of work-related MVCs. Through strategic planning, research, collaborations with stakeholders, and communication of research results and prevention, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is working to ensure that recommended solutions to prevent work-related MVCs and resulting injuries are based on sound research and are clearly communicated to employers and workers. The NIOSH Center for Motor Vehicle Safety (CMVS) is the focal point for activities within the Institute that address this pressing occupational safety problem. The CMVS was designated in December 2010 to strengthen and sustain the Institute's research and prevention activities to reduce work-related motor vehicle crashes and resulting injuries. It is a 'virtual' Center through which researchers from across the Institute and external partners from government, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), academia, labor, and industry bring complementary expertise to identify crash risk factors, develop and evaluate workplace interventions to prevent crashes, and communicate the results to employers and other stakeholders. The NIOSH CMVS is guided by the vision that: All workers who are exposed to hazards of motor vehicle traffic while working have the highest possible levels of protection from the risk of motor vehicle crashes and resulting injuries. The primary purpose of the 5-year strategic plan for the NIOSH CMVS is to define the priority areas for research and prevention initiatives through 2018.

关键词：事故预防；环境暴露；风险；通信

查看摘要 索取原文[35页]

From 2008 to 2010, an estimated 194,000 highway vehicle fires occurred in the United States each year resulting in an annual average of approximately 300 deaths, 1,250 injuries and $1.1 billion in property loss. These highway vehicle fires accounted for 14 percent of fires responded to by fire departments across the nation. Highway vehicle fires include fires in passenger road vehicles (e.g., cars, motorcycles and off-road recreational vehicles), freight road transport vehicles (e.g., dump trucks, fire apparatus and tank trucks), and agricultural and construction vehicles. This topical report addresses the characteristics of highway vehicle fires reported to the National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) from 2008 to 2010.

关键词：汽车；高速公路；交通安全

查看摘要 索取原文[8页]

Research has shown that an effective way to reduce impaired driving is to increase the perceived risk of being stopped and arrested by law enforcement if driving while impaired. One of the most successful strategies for doing this is the coupling of intense and highly visible enforcement with publicity about the enforcement campaign. The term high-visibility enforcement (HVE) is used to describe law enforcement efforts aimed at deterring unsafe driving behavior by increasing the public's perception of being caught, arrested, and prosecuted. Two common enforcement strategies of HVE operations are sobriety checkpoints and saturation patrols. Checkpoints concentrate law enforcement officers at the roadside to identify impaired drivers passing through. Saturation patrols involve an increased number of officers patrolling a limited area where impaired driving is prevalent. Both use highly visible elements (such as a concentration of law enforcement officers, bright lights, signs, and marked patrol cars) to heighten their visual impact. Enforcement efforts must be supported by an equal amount of publicity and communications.

关键词：汽车；事故减少；交通安全

查看摘要 索取原文[144页]

The Hybrid III dummy is a common standard test device for automotive car crash and mine blast (shock) events, which is validated and accepted by the crash test community. The Hybrid III 50th percentile male Anthropomorphic Test Device is also required by STANAG 4569 for injury assessment for mine detonation tests. The Test Device for Human Occupant Restraint (THOR) 50th percentile male advanced crash dummy is a next generation anthropomorphic test device that incorporates significantly improved biofidelity in all major parts and has expanded injury assessment capabilities beyond its predecessors, including the Hybrid III Anthropomorphic Test Device. Comparative evaluation of THOR versus Hybrid III dummies will bring additional insight and understanding of THOR injury prediction capabilities and biofidelity, specifically for vertical shock and mine blast events.

关键词：汽车；冲击；对比分析

查看摘要 索取原文[42页]

Traditional on-board vehicle computer (OVC) systems do not support speech recognition and do not have massive song library due to their limited storage capacity and computing power. Furthermore, it is very inconvenient to update the song library to keep it up-to-date. The advent of cloud computing in conjunction with mobile computing has enabled human voice song requesting and mass song playing from on-board computer in a vehicle. A system of human voice song requesting from OVC connected to the music cloud has been proposed. Self-adaptive speech recognition and speech recognition technology based on keywords from song titles has been adopted. By recognizing the voice on a song title in a cloud environment, the digital content of the selected song stored in the cloud is streamed to and then played back in the OVC. As a result, the system improves the safety of driving and enables automobile entertainment more humane.

关键词：汽车；云计算；歌曲云

查看摘要 索取原文[8页]

With the development of automobile technology, it becomes possible to estimate fuel consumption by using the driving parameters from the electronic control unit (ECU) and output the calculation results via the controller area network (CAN) bus. As a result, it is feasible to design an approach for estimating fuel consumption by integrating vehicle-specific power (VSP) and CAN bus technology because of the accessibility and stability of the CAN bus. To determine whether the CAN-based measured data can be used to build the relationship between VSP and fuel consumption to replace the traditional fuel consumption meter, a comparison of fuel consumption data collected from the ECU and the fuel consumption meter is conducted in this study. Results show that the relationship between the fuel consumption rate and VSP bin built by the CAN bus data is consistent with the relationship derived from the fuel consumption meter; this finding indicates that the CAN bus technology can be used to describe the relationship between vehicle activities and fuel consumption rates for light-duty vehicles. In addition, a comparison of CAN-based measured data with VSP-based predicted data shows that the prediction approach that integrates VSP and CAN bus technology needs an aggregation level of 60 s or longer, which thus can be used to estimate a long period of fuel consumption accumulation and a fuel consumption factor for various travel speeds and road types.    

关键词：汽车；燃料消耗；电源动力

查看摘要 索取原文[10页]

In this article a multilayer parking system of size n=3 is studied. We prove that the asymptotic limit of the particle density in the center approaches a maximum of 1/2 in higher layers. This means a significant increase of capacity compared to the first layer where this value is 1/3. This is remarkable because the process is solely driven by randomness. We conjecture that this result applies to all finite parking systems with n≥2.

关键词：汽车；停车系统；小型系统

查看摘要 索取原文[11页]

In a large-scale urban evacuation necessitated by a disaster, many people can evacuate in their own automobiles, but evacuating individuals and families who do not have cars poses a great logistical challenge that many cities, counties, and states cannot overcome. Most emergency operations plans for large urbanized areas are insufficient in describing in specific and measurable terms how a major evacuation could be successfully conducted. This study systematically reviews the challenge of multimodal evacuation planning and presents a detailed literature review of published research and government documents to identify barriers to the enhancement of multimodal evacuation planning through the use of high-capacity vehicles to transport those who cannot evacuate on their own. Findings suggest that despite knowledge about multimodal transportation and the importance of integrating multimodalism into evacuation planning, most state and local governments do not apply the planning processes, training exercises, and resources necessary to evacuate households without automobiles. A research agenda for furthering multimodal evacuation planning is outlined, and recommendations are made for providing adequate multimodal transport during large-scale urban evacuations.

关键词：汽车；道路交通；交通安全

查看摘要 索取原文[9页]

Digital holography is applied to measure the characteristics of transparent material. A digital hologram recording system to measure the surface of transparent material was established, and the digital holograms of transparent object were obtained in high quality. For postprocessing of hologram, the least-squares phase unwrapping algorithm was used in phase unwrapping, and the phase reconstruction image of transparent object was obtained. The information of material surfaces was measured and the characteristic was presented in 3D visualization. The validation experiment was conducted by NanoMap 500LS system; the results of validation experiment are well satisfied with the measurement by digital holography, which proved the feasibility of digital holographic technology as a good measurement tool for transparent material.

关键词：汽车；透明材料；数字全息技术

查看摘要 索取原文[7页]