This software is responsible for all interactions between application software and hardware. It provides the basic functionalities of a computer system. It is again divided into operating system and device drivers. The operating system is the heart of any system as it facilitates the interaction of hardware and other software. The device driver is a middleware through which the operating system recognizes any hardware or device.

An automotive retractable roof top (ARRT) is defined as a convertible roof system, wherein the vehicle's roof can either be folded in step or part, resulting in vehicles with open roof tops. The retractable hard top of the vehicle can either be operated manually or electronically, which makes the car known as a convertible in the automotive industry. The automotive roof designs vary between each automaker, wherein the manufacturers use a different kind of material for making the convertible roofs.

The automotive industry is one of the most competitive industries in the world. Though the industry witnessed a decline in demand during the global economic crisis of 2008- 2009, it has shown positive growth in recent years primarily because of the demand from developing nations. With the automotive industry gradually moving toward standardization and globalization, large automotive companies have shifted their production bases from developed to developing regions. This along with the rise in demand for high performance has led to the increased production of vehicles with high engine power.

Modern vehicles are equipped with intelligent personal assistant systems to assess the vehicles' condition, avert potential hazards during driving, alert drivers proactively in the case of imminent dangers, estimate drivers' workload and driving patterns, and perform various other tasks. Automotive personal assistant systems perform these tasks based on inputs from multiple electronic components and associated systems deployed in the vehicles.

NFC is a wireless communication technology that enables data transfer between devices within a distance of 4-10 cm. One of the most popular NFC-enabled devices is the smartphone, which can communicate with another NFC-enabled device at a proximity of 4 cm. The technology also does not require internet or telecom networks for communication, and hence it is unlikely to bear a subscription cost and possibility of a malfunction due to poor or loss of connectivity. The most popular NFC-based connectivity application is the transaction through contactless payment cards (debit and credit cards that have NFC chips embedded in them).

The global four-wheelers industry has two segments: passenger cars and commercial vehicles segments. Passenger cars are used for personal transportation, while commercial vehicles are used for commercial purposes. Both these segments have contrasting market dynamics and a different customer behavior and value chain. The passenger cars segment is experiencing steady growth because of the growing preference for personal vehicles globally. The commercial vehicle segment is witnessing high volume growth, contributed by countries such as the US and China. This growth can be attributed to the high load barring capacity and comfort offered by these vehicles. The global four-wheelers industry is highly capital-intensive in nature and is poised with many technological innovations. We expect the global four-wheelers market to grow at a CAGR of 3.68% during the forecast period.

Paint finish, especially in a discerning industry as the automotive space, is a critical element of vehicle production. The slightest of blemishes in the finish of a paint job can get a vehicle rejected by manufacturers. Manufacturers have a requirement for high accuracy and precision in the surface coatings that can be achieved through modern painting processes. This is due to the high number of customer rejections of cars with poor paint jobs. Bare-metal gets painted only in factories, thus eliminating the complexities in the painting process that is later executed at body shops. Hence, manufacturers and original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) have clear and strict mandates for a flawless factory paint finish.

Transmission forms a key function of powertrains in vehicles. A vehicle's transmission is a type of gearbox that directs the power generated from an internal combustion engine to the wheel axle. Typically, an automotive transmission system includes the entire drivetrain, which comprises components such as a gearbox, clutch, prop shaft, drive shafts, and differentials.

High-pressure fuel pumps are mostly used in direct injection vehicles. In gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, the air-fuel mixture is directly formed in the combustion chamber. The high-pressure fuel pump injects the fuel and incoming air into the combustion chamber. GDI engines operate at a high pressure of up to 350 bar. This would require a high-pressure fuel pump to ensure that the fuel is injected into the combustion chamber at the required pressure.

The global four-wheeler industry comprises of passenger cars for personal use and vehicles that are used for commercial use. These segments operate under varied market dynamics with different customer behaviors and value chains. The passenger cars segment is growing steadily due to the rising population worldwide, particularly those belonging to the middle-income group in the emerging countries. The commercial vehicles segment is also seeing healthy growth rates with countries like the US and China contributing high volume sales. The key reasons for such growth are the higher loaHd-bearing capacity and comfort of these vehicles.