The two-dimensional traffic model of Biham, Middleton and Levine (Phys. Rev. A, 1992) is a simple cellular automaton that exhibits a wide range of complex behavior. It consists of both northbound and eastbound cars traveling on a rectangular array of cells, each cell equipped with a traffic signal. The traffic signals switch synchronously from allowing northbound flow to eastbound flow. By gating individual traffic signals, i.e. allowing individual traffic signals to break from synchrony in predetermined, deterministic scenarios based on the local state of traffic, the range for which the system self-organizes into a state of unimpeded flow is extended. On a 100x100 cell array, this additional intelligence enables accomodation of 200 cars more than the original BML model, without any reduction in average velocity.

关键词：汽车；信号；BML模型

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In this research, the feasibility of using mobile traffic sensors for binary vehicle classification on arterial roads is investigated. Features (e.g. speed related, acceleration/deceleration related, etc.) are extracted from vehicle traces (passenger cars, trucks) collected from real world arterial roads. Machine learning techniques such as support vector machines (SVM) are developed to distinguish passenger cars from trucks using these features. To address privacy concerns, classification is conducted using long vehicle traces and short vehicle traces separately. For classification using long traces, the proportions of accelerations and decelerations larger than 1mpss and the standard deviations of accelerations and decelerations are the most effective features. By classifying general trucks from passenger cars, the average misclassification rate for the best 4-feature SVM model is about 1.6% for the training data, and 4.2% for the testing data. For classification using short traces, it is necessary to define multiple types of traces and analyze them case-by-case. It was found that particularly for the turning movement traces, features such as average speed, standard deviation of speed, maximum acceleration/deceleration and standard deviation of acceleration/deceleration are fairly effective to classify vehicles. The misclassification rate for the best SVM classifier using short traces is about 14.8% for the stop-and-go traffic, and 15.6% for the non-stopped traffic.

关键词：汽车；汽车分类；传感器

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We set up one cylinder of CNG engine by using GT-Power software and the compression ratio and the knock are studied.The conclusions are as follows:when the compression ratio increases,the rate of pressure rise of acute burning period increases; The maximum cylinder pressure increases;The maximum temperature decreased slightly and after burning period the temperature increases;The critical knocking compression ratio appears at the full load of 4000rpm conditions; If we only consider it knocking or not,the engine compression ratios can change from 10 to 11.

关键词：汽车；发动机；仿真分析

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Parking facilities are important to the construction and development of urban central commercial district. With the increase of urban economy and people's living standards, more and more cars, followed by more and more city parking is not convenient. Especially in the city center business district, "parking difficult" problem is particularly serious. In order to solve the parking problem, Yuan Yang-Cheng in T city commercial district is taken as the object, according to the investigation on the parking behavior. The survey results show that the key factors affecting the behavior of parking is price and the parking is interested in the convenient parking of parking guidance system. Also, the reasonable use of price lever parking supply and demand has great room for adjustment.

关键词：汽车；停车问题；城市中心

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This paper introduces the effect of track wheel in rolling test of railway vehicle and puts forward a method of moment of inertia check based on inertia matching. According to coupled vibration between track wheel and wheel of car, normal modal analysis was proposed in this paper using FEM of PATRAN/NA-STRAN. Through analyzing, the result of first 10-order model was obtained. The analysis shows that the first inherent vibration frequency is 12.634 Hz. In this frequency and corresponding speed of 257 km/h of railway vehicle in the rolling test, the coupled vibration occurred between track wheel and wheel. During the test, avoiding running in 257 km/h for a long time will be useful for test precision.

关键词：汽车；模态分析；履带

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A 37-year-old diesel mechanic employed by a railroad transportation company died when his loaded utility truck collided with the rear of a semi-trailer on a four-lane interstate highway. The mechanic was driving at highway speed during daylight hours when he failed to stop in time and struck the semi, which was moving slowly in traffic that had backed up due to a car fire two miles downstream. There was severe damage to the mechanic's truck, with underside of the cab and intrusion up to the right rear tires of the trailer ahead. The force of the collision caused a chain reaction, pushing the struck tractor-trailer forward into a second tractor-trailer that had stopped in backed up traffic. Fire and rescue responders arrived from the nearby town located four miles away. The mechanic, who was wearing a safety belt, suffered blunt force trauma as a result of the collision and was pronounced deceased at the scene. He was extricated by mechanical means from the truck cab and was found holding a cell phone. Law enforcement officers' examination of the phone activity revealed the mechanic had exchanged several voice/text messages prior to the crash and was initiating a voice/text message application at the time of the collision. The driver's failure to notice the tractor trailer ahead and stop in time was attributed to texting. Drivers of the other two vehicles were not severely injured.

关键词：汽车；交通安全；机动车事故

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The Michigan State Police Vehicle Test Team is pleased to present the results of the 2013 model year Police Vehicle Evaluation. This year we tested thirteen vehicles in total, and four motorcycles. All of the cars were tested with a clean roof (no overhead light or light bar) and without A pillar mount spotlights. We believe this is the best way to ensure all of the vehicles are tested on an equal basis. Remember that once overhead lights, spotlights, radio antennas, sirens, and other emergency equipment are installed, overall performance may be somewhat lower than we report. Each vehicle was tested with the tires that are available as original equipment on the production model. Specific tire information for each vehicle is available in the Vehicle Description portion of this report. All vehicles listed in this report were equipped with electronic speed limiters. Motorcycles were tested with equipment installed as provided by their respective manufacturer. Harley-Davidson chose to test their bikes with minimal equipment. BMW, and Victory chose to test their bikes with the majority of the equipment installed.

关键词：汽车；警车；交通安全

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This report summarizes key trends in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, fuel economy, and CO2- and fuel economy-related technology for gasoline- and diesel-fueled personal vehicles sold in the United States, from model years (MY) 1975 through 2012. Personal vehicles are those vehicles that EPA classifies as cars, light-duty trucks, or medium-duty passenger vehicles. The data in this report cover the MY 1975-2012 timeframe, supersede the data in previous reports in this series, and, for many important reasons, should not be compared with data from previous years editions of this report. Most CO2 emissions and fuel economy values in this report have been adjusted to reflect 'real world' consumer performance and therefore are not comparable to CO2 emissions and fuel economy standards.

关键词：汽车；轻型汽车技术；二氧化碳

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In natural traffic flow, the information from preceding vehicles predominantly determines driver behavior. With connected vehicle technologies, drivers can receive information from both preceding and following vehicles. This information creates new opportunities for vehicle coordination and control at the microscopic level on the basis of bidirectional information. Although bidirectional car-following models have been studied since the 1960s, most existing car-following models, especially those used by adaptive cruise control technologies, are still forward-only car-following models. This paper serves as a first step toward the use of bidirectional car-following models for microscopic vehicle coordination and control. The focus is on the study of the models' general control characteristics and impact on traffic flow stability. A general bidirectional control framework is proposed to convert any car-following model into its bidirectional form. Four representative General Motors and optimal velocity car-following models are reformulated and calibrated against field vehicle trajectory data collected in the next-generation simulation program (NGSIM). The bidirectional control characteristics of the selected models were evaluated by tuning of the percentage of backward information considered in the final car-following decision. The evaluation uses forward versus backward acceleration diagrams and a ring road stability analysis of equilibrium states obtained from NGSIM data. The results indicate that the increase in the contribution of backward information may help alleviate traffic congestion and stabilize traffic flow. An operating range of the backward information contribution of between 5% and 20% is recommended to ensure that the resulting models are still physical and realistic for both free-flow and congestion situations.

关键词：汽车；通用汽车；安全

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This paper presents an analysis of the degree of willingness to change from motorized travel modes to walking or cycling. The aim of the analysis is to reduce uncertainty between stated willingness to change and real shifts from car or transit to nonmotorized transportation modes. Data were collected in the city of Valencia, Spain, through a novel data collection effort based on multiple survey methods. Respondents traveling by car or transit were asked about their willingness to change to walking or cycling under the implementation of improvement measures to be selected. Then a hypothetical scenario was presented to respondents who stated a willingness to change; in the scenario, the previously selected measures were implemented and respondents were supposed to be cycling or walking. In addition, the costs of their usual travel mode were gradually reduced until they gave up cycling or walking. Those who decided to keep on walking or cycling were assumed to have a strong willingness to change. A statistical analysis performed with Heckman's sample selection model permitted identification of demographic, socioeconomic, and travel-related factors influencing the degree of willingness to change. Results revealed that car users presented a stronger willingness to switch to walking or cycling than transit users. In addition, older respondents showed a stronger willingness to change to both walking and cycling. Work- and school-related journeys were less associated with walking than noncommuting journeys, but they were more related to cycling. Policy implications of the results are highlighted.

关键词：汽车；意愿评估；模式选择

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