This research analyzes the potential reduction in battery lease payments for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) in California that incorporate the value from postvehicle, stationary provision of grid services. PEV batteries repurposed into distributed electrical storage appliances (DESAs) might provide valuable services to electricity customers, utilities, and regional grid operators alike, with improved grid operation, deferred costly upgrades, and support for the penetration and profitability of intermittent renewable energy. This research advances methods for analyzing combined vehicular and postvehicular value and uses new and increasingly sophisticated inputs, including specific PEV characterizations and value for 19 grid applications. The results showed positive but sometimes modest potential benefits. Bounding scenarios all showed reductions in battery lease payments. For the Chevy Volt-based example, which exhibited a 22reduction in the base case, the bounding scenarios ranged from 1to 32. Monte Carlo analysis indicated that the point estimates that were developed might need downward adjustment to account for uncertainty, a situation that would possibly negate second-life benefit. The analysis indicated that if valuable regulation revenues were hotly contested and provided limited impetus to DESA commercialization, value from multiple applications would be necessary to support profitability. This possibility makes the artful combination of services a critical uncertainty. One previously identified combination of multiapplications related to servicing local air-conditioning loads was examined as the base case and was found to be attractive. Another important uncertainty is the cost of power-conditioning requirements, which must also be optimized or reduced with specific combined-load profiles, for example, through coupling DESAs with local photovoltaics.

关键词：储能技术；电池；电网储能；插电式电动车；电池租赁；运营商

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The study analyzes the potential market penetration in Arizona of various types of alternate energy vehicles. The market penetration is analyzed in terms of changes in the price of fuel, tax incentives, costs of conversion and consumer attitudes. Short term market penetration, in the absence of legal intervention, is expected to amount to a very small fraction of the total operating fleet of motor vehicles.

关键词：能源汽车；燃料；价格

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The advanced range safety system project is a collaboration between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the United States Air Force to develop systems that would reduce costs and schedule for safety approval for new classes of unmanned high-energy vehicles. The mission-planning feature for this system would yield flight profiles that satisfy the mission requirements for the user while providing an increased quality of risk assessment, enhancing public safety. By improving the speed and accuracy of predicting risks to the public, mission planners would be able to expand flight envelopes significantly. Once in place, this system is expected to offer the flexibility of handling real-time risk management for the high-energy capabilities of hypersonic vehicles including autonomous return-from-orbit vehicles and extended flight profiles over land. Users of this system would include mission planners of Space Launch Initiative vehicles, space planes, and other high-energy vehicles. The real-time features of the system could make extended flight of a malfunctioning vehicle possible, in lieu of an immediate terminate decision. With this improved capability, the user would have more time for anomaly resolution and potential recovery of a malfunctioning vehicle.

关键词：高能源汽车；安全系统

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An electrical vehicle environment was established to promote research and technology development in the area of high power energy management. The project incorporates a topology that permits parallel development of an alternative energy delivery system and an energy storage system. The objective of the project is to develop technologies, specifically power electronics, energy storage electronics and controls that provide efficient and effective energy management between electrically powered devices in alternative energy vehicles--plug-in electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, range extended vehicles, and hydrogen-based fuel cell vehicles. In order to meet the project objectives, the Vehicle Energy Management System (VEMS) was defined and subsystem requirements were obtained. Afterwards, power electronics, energy storage electronics and controls were designed. Finally, these subsystems were built, tested individually, and integrated into an electric vehicle system to evaluate and optimize the subsystems performance.

关键词：能源存储系统；电动汽车；能源管理；燃料电池；混合动力车；插件电动汽车

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The report describes the results of a study to investigate,identify,and analyze the potential problems of electromagnetic interference from all sources (internal and external to the vehicle) that may cause malfunction of motor vehicle electronic control and electronically actuated safety devices. This program accomplishes an analysis of inter-and intra-vehicle energy transfer and coupling by computer simulation,using DOD developed modeling techniques that have been employed for a wide range of EMC/EMI design and evaluation support problems. These applications have included aircraft,spacecraft,and advanced surface ships. A computerized circuit analysis model adapted from the IBM Electronic Circuit Analysis Program (ECAP) is used to assess susceptability of representative types of electronic components and subsystems typically used in automotive electronic applications. A preliminary EM environmental source file is provided based on a literature search of vehicular internal noise sources and worst case external electromagnetic field descriptions. Validation test plans and preliminary EMC guidelines for automotive electronics are summarized.

关键词：电子控制；汽车；安全装置；电磁干扰

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This report summarizes the analysis and measurement tasks accomplished for this phase of the Dot Road Vehicle EMC/EMI program and the contents of EMC Guidelines proposed for the design and maintenance phases of electronic safety and control systems. A computerized coupling analysis program was used to determine the effects of body shielding,aperture size,and cable lengths on signal coupling in the 100to 200MHz band between a simulated mobile radio emission and a modeled air-cushion restraint system cable as it might be used in a motor vehicle. A series of susceptibility tests were performed on an electronic speed control system and an anti-skid control module to determine functional upset levels of injected signals at critical circuit ports on these devices. The upset criteria were based on performance departures from normal,resulting from the injection of interfering signals. The injected signals were designed to represent levels and durations characteristic of those generated within the vehicle or coupled from external sources. A set of basic guidelines to promote EMC in the use of electronic control and safety devices in automobiles are presented. The applications and technological developments concerned with current automotive electronics are discussed. The research conducted by the automotive industry to explore the feasibility of a central processor or control system and potential problem areas are reviewed.

关键词：电子控制；汽车；安全装置

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Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are under evaluation by various stake holders to better understand their capability and potential benefits. PHEVs could allow users to significantly improve fuel economy over a standard HEV and in some cases, depending on daily driving requirements and vehicle design, have the ability to eliminate fuel consumption entirely for daily vehicle trips. The cost associated with providing charge infrastructure for PHEVs, along with the additional costs for the on-board power electronics and added battery requirements associated with PHEV technology will be a key factor in the success of PHEVs. This report analyzes the infrastructure requirements for PHEVs in single family residential, multi-family residential and commercial situations. Costs associated with this infrastructure are tabulated, providing an estimate of the infrastructure costs associated with PHEV deployment.

关键词：电动汽车；充电

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A control strategy is proposed for a minimally-actuated flapping- wing micro air-vehicle (FWMAV). The proposed vehicle is similar to the Harvard RoboFly that accomplished the first takeoff of an insect scale flapping wing aircraft, except that it is equipped with independently actuated wings. Using the derivation of the aerodynamic forces and moments from Part I, a control allocation strategy and a feedback control law are designed that enable the vehicle to achieve untethered, stabilized flight about a hover condition. Six degree-of-freedom maneuvers near hover are demonstrated as well. The control laws are designed to make use of two actuators that control the angular position of the wing in the stroke plane. The Split-Cycle Constant-Period Frequency Modulation with Wing Bias technique, introduced in Part I, is used to allow each wing to generate non-zero cycleaveraged aerodynamic forces and moments. This technique modifies the frequencies of the up and down strokes to yield non-zero cycle-averaged drag due to the flapping motion of a wing. Additionally, the midpoint of the wingbeat profile can be modified by use of a wing bias. The bias is introduced to primarily provide pitching moment control. In this work, the sensitivities of cycle-averaged forces and moments with respect to the control parameters are computed. Single axis controllers are designed and the complete system is simulated.

关键词：控制器；汽车；仿生汽车

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The mechanical behavior of a military vehicle during off-highway operation is complex and highly nonlinear. Some current vehicle concepts include added intelligence through the implementation of sensors and controllers to enable autonomous or semi-autonomous operations. Control systems have typically been developed with controls software where the mechanical plant and sensors are represented as simplified and often linearized blocks, resulting in a poor vehicle assessment. This paper describes the development of an integrated environment for a control system, mechanical system dynamics, and sensor simulation for an improved assessment of the vehicle system performance. The vehicle chosen is an autonomous robot that attempts to follow a prescribed path along an off-highway terrain. The effect of including a stability controller for vehicle mobility is assessed. The architecture of the integrated simulation environment is described and its potential to improve schedule and reduce risk of the development of mechatronic military vehicle systems is explored.

关键词：控制器；汽车；传感器

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The current scarcity of public charging infrastructure is one of the major barriers to mass household adoption of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). Although most PEV drivers can recharge their vehicles at home, the limited driving range of the vehicles restricts their usefulness for long-distance travel. In this paper, an agent-based information system is presented for identifying patterns in residential PEV ownership and driving activities to enable strategic deployment of new charging infrastructure. Driver agents consider their own driving activities within the simulated environment, in addition to the presence of charging stations and the vehicle ownership of others in their social network, when purchasing a new vehicle. Aside from conventional vehicles, drivers may select among multiple electric alternatives, including two PEV options. The Chicagoland area is used as a case study to demonstrate the different deployment scenarios are analyzed.

关键词：电动汽车；充电

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