Intrahousehold interactions in travel are fundamental to an understanding of activity travel behavior, as reflected by the substantial percentage of regional travel that is made jointly. The development of travel demand models that incorporate intrahousehold interactions is crucial to a credible analysis of traveler response to policies. A tour-based modeling framework is used to examine intrahousehold interactions in travel mode choice with a focus on public transport use in households having differences in car availability. An important distinction is made between car-sufficient households (in which there are at least as many cars in the household as license holders) and car-negotiating households (households that have fewer cars than license holders). Intrahousehold interactions and temporal-spatial constraints are explicitly represented by different patterns of joint household tours, with home-based tours as the unit of analysis. The empirical analysis is based on a nested logit model that was developed to integrate intrahousehold interactions with tour-based mode choices; Sydney Household Travel Survey data are used. The results show that joint household travel accounts for more than half of weekday home-based tours in Sydney, Australia. The arrangement of joint household tours is shown to depend on household context, situational factors, and social constraints. Mode choice associated with different joint tour patterns is influenced by household and individual characteristics, tour attributes, and transport-related fringe benefits.

关键词：汽车；旅游；交通；模型

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This report discusses light-vehicle crash countermeasure profiles and functions for five target pre-crash scenario groups based on vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications. Target pre-crash scenario groups include rear-end, lane change, opposite direction, junction crossing, and left turn across path from opposite direction (LTAP/OD) crashes involving at least one light vehicle (e.g., passenger car, van, minivan, sport utility vehicle, or light pickup truck with a gross vehicle weight rating of 10,000 pounds or less). There are 10 pre-crash scenarios in these groups to be addressed by V2V-based crash countermeasures. Kinematic equations are presented for the time-to-collision and avoidance maneuvers to identify information needs for these crash countermeasures. Information needs are translated into countermeasure functional requirements based on relevant safety applications devised in two prior research projects dealing with cooperative V2V communications and autonomous vehicle-based sensing systems. This report identifies two target pre-crash scenarios that would require new safety applications not developed in prior projects, including the LTAP/OD and opposite direction/no vehicle maneuver pre-crash scenarios.

关键词：避免崩溃;车辆安全通信系统;事故减少;对策;信息需求

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Future vehicular networks shall enable new classes of services and applications for car-to-car and car-to-roadside communication. The underlying vehicular mobility patterns significantly impact the operation and effectiveness of these services, and hence it is essential to model and characterize such patterns. In this paper, we examine the mobility of vehicles as a function of traffic density of more than 800 locations from six major metropolitan regions around the world. The traffic densities are generated from more than 25 million images and processed using background subtraction algorithm. The resulting vehicular density time series and distributions are then analyzed. It is found using the goodness-of-fit test that the vehicular density distribution follows heavy-tail distributions such as Log-gamma, Loglogistic, and Weibull in over 90of these locations. Moreover, a heavy-tail gives rise to long-range dependence and self-similarity, which we studied by estimating the Hurst exponent (H).

关键词：汽车;通信网络;算法;表征;高速公路通信;图像;流动性;建模;交通控制;交通密度

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Our initial hypothesis was that chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)- based immunotherapy of epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) could be potentiated by depletion of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). To test this, we engineered T-cells to express CARs with specificity for MUC1 (expressed by tumor cells) and CSF-1R (expressed both by tumor cells and TAM). In-vitro experiments demonstrated some efficacy of this approach but significant anti-tumor activity could not be confirmed in-vivo. Consequently, a revised statement of work was agreed in which CAR-mediated targeting of ErbB receptors by EOC tumor cells was pursued instead. A CAR termed T1E28z was engineered which engages several ErbB receptor dimers that are upregulated in EOC. Liposomal clodronate was used to achieve depletion of TAM. T1E28z-transduced T-cells proved effective in killing both autologus patient-derived tumor cell cultures and EOC cell lines (IGROV-1 and SKOV-3) in-vitro. Using bioluminescence imaging (BLI), we then demonstrated that T1E28z+ T-cells mediated the regression of established intraperitoneal SKOV-luc tumors in SCID Beige mice. Highly efficient depletion of TAM was achieved using liposomal clodronate. However, this did not influence anti-tumor activity and appeared to reduced efficacy somewhat. To monitor Tcell persistence in this model, renilla luciferase was co-expressed in T1E28z+ T- cells. This analysis revealed that T-cells undergo progressive decline in tumor- bearing mice, providing a rationale for repeated T-cell administration. In support of this, we found that dual dosing with T1E28z+ T-cells enhanced therapeutic efficacy in this model. Bridging the gap to clinical implementation, proof of concept was also demonstrated for the use of the human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS) as a clinically applicable imaging reporter of T-cell location. We provide evidence that administration of 99mTc-pertechnetate enables the serial real-time tracking of T1E28z/hNIS+ T-cells in-vivo, using SPECT-CT.

关键词：巨噬细胞;肿瘤;卵巢癌;T淋巴细胞;汽车车辆;细胞(生物学)

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Recently the convergence of IT Services is using much information. Fusion of vehicle information technology and IT services are developing very fast. In this paper is about car insurance service used vehicle information and user information. In this paper, the car insurance service is convergence that vehicle information and user information. We propose accident service, eco-driving service, breakdown service based on the information collected from the vehicle.

关键词：汽车保险;OBD;车辆信息

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Fuel may be taxed to cover the environmental costs associated with fuel consumption by road vehicles. Fuel taxation represents a large source of government revenue, especially in Europe and particularly in France. Furthermore, different levels of fuel taxation often have been used as a way to support an industrial sector. In France, the main fuel tax is lower for diesel fuel than for gasoline. From an environmental viewpoint, several studies show that gasoline is overtaxed and diesel fuel is undertaxed. But from the users' viewpoint, diesel-powered cars are appealing: they are more fuel-efficient, and their fuel is cheaper (at least in France and several other European countries). However, diesel cars are more expensive to purchase, partly because automakers capture part of the expected gains. A change in the fuel taxation levels thus is expected to affect how households and businesses choose engine types, and in response, automakers would change their pricing strategies. The expected outcome is undetermined. Insights into this question are given by using French data to model the demand and the supply sides of the car market. Expected long-term outcomes of different taxation schemes are given at the car fleet level for France. A 60increase in the diesel fuel tax would bring about a decrease in the dieselization rate at the fleet level from 64to 45between 2011 and 2030 and a decrease in overall carbon dioxide (CO_2) emissions of passenger cars by 3.5, whereas a scheme including a decreased gasoline tax could bring about an increase in CO_2 emissions.

关键词：汽车；柴油；汽油；尾气排放；建模

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The overall goal of this project is to enhance the fundamental understanding of Florida long-distance travel characteristics, and to provide policy implications for long-distance transportation planning in the future. To achieve the research goal, this study first conducts a descriptive analysis of long-distance travel with special emphasis on the modes used, distance traveled, and origins and destinations. Then, this study estimates mode choice models for long-distance travel that are sensitive to alternative specific attributes and traveler characteristics. It is important to have appropriate models that are able to provide accurate predictions of travelers mode choice behavior that consider how people choose one mode or another. The descriptive analysis shows that nearly 90 percent of trips are made by personal passenger cars, and most are on I-4, I-95, and Turnpike corridors that connect the Tampa, Orlando, and Miami/Fort Lauderdale urbanized areas as defined by Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). Among MSAs in Florida, Orlando is the hub for long-distance travel. The estimated model shows that both travel time and travel cost decrease car users utility, indicating that people will have a greater chance to shift to other modes as travel time and travel costs increase. In contrast, air travel has a positive sign for travel time, and a negative sign for travel cost, while bus has a negative coefficient for travel time and a positive sign for travel cost. Positive signs of these estimated parameters may imply that air travelers and bus users are willing to increase travel time and travel cost, respectively.

关键词：旅行时间;交通系统;佛罗里达航空运输;汽车;成本

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The suspension system together with the chassis of the car play an important role in the performance of a race car. The knowledge of the forces that are transmitted through the car's suspension system allows a better adjustment and optimization of various structural components. In this study, an identification method, with a neural network based methodology, was tested using experimental data in order to identify and quantify the horizontal and vertical forces in the wheel hub, which are transmitted to the triangle of the suspension and to the chassis of the car. The obtained results are promising and show that it is possible to use this methodology for real-time monitoring of horizontal and vertical forces acting on the triangle suspension of the formula student car.

关键词：汽车；悬架系统；底盘；神经网络；轮毂

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Carsharing organizations (carshares) provide collectively available vehicles that can be booked for exclusive use on a pay-as-you-go basis. Previous research has shown that two groups join carshares: (a) acces-sors, who do not have a car when they join the carshare and therefore gain access to one, and (b) shedders, who give up a car when they join the carshare. The paper examines the circumstances and motivations that cause accessors and shedders to join a carshare, the changes in their travel behavior in the short and longer run, and how the travel behavior might have changed if the carshare had not been joined. These objectives were achieved through in-depth interviews with 16 members of a carshare in Bath, United Kingdom. The interviewed members were selected to achieve a mix of accessors, shedders, recent members, and longstanding members. It was found that carshare attracted people who were already contemplating giving up their cars or who had been triggered by life events to consider giving up their cars. Joining a car-share prevented the acquisition of cars for some members, but some subsequently took opportunities to acquire a car as their circumstances changed. Once shedders became members, they adapted to managing without a personal car, used a variety of transport modes, planned their activity-travel schedules in advance, and took into account the costs and convenience of different options. The increasing popularity of new mobility options, such as carsharing, also has implications for the methods used to analyze and model travel behavior. The option of joining a carshare and using carshare vehicles should be included in transport models for areas in which carshares operate.

关键词：汽车；交通；旅游；合伙用车；行为影响

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As carsharing becomes increasingly popular throughout the world, it would be of interest to understand better the underlying characteristics of the trips made by members when they use the cars. To date, few studies have reported carsharing trip details. This paper presents a methodology to analyze three components of a station-based carsharing member's journey: the locations of the stops, the attributes of the trips, and the characteristics of the trip chains. The method is based on the processing of Global Positioning System traces collected onboard car-sharing vehicles; a 5-min stop criterion is used to divide the trip chains into separate trips. The case study involves the Communauto system in the Greater Montreal area, Quebec, Canada. The study shows that carsharing members make more trips within their trip chains than typical car owners do. However, those trips are shorter and are often made for purposes other than work (shopping or visiting, for example). Members tend to maximize the use of the cars during the rental period (the members are on the move up to 50of the time for short trip chains and 30of the time for longer trips).

关键词：交通；汽车；合伙用车；行为研究

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