Japanese manufacturers dominate the market, as they enjoy strong brand awareness and have built extensive dealership networks across the country. In addition, most of them have local plants and benefit from Indonesia’s relatively cheap workforce and low taxes, which decrease their production costs. The domestic market is highly concentrated, with a few players accounting for the bulk of sales. However, in 2018, intense competition led to a slightly more fragmented market structure, with smaller players eating into the market shares of the leading companies. The top five players accounted for 85.3% of total retail sales in 2018, compared to 87% the year before.

Indonesia’s agriculture sector is highly fragmented with a large number of small players. The sector is an important source of income for large parts of the population. In addition to smallholders using traditional farming methods, there are also large-scale plantations, owned either by the state or private investors. According to Oxford Business Group, small farmers focus on horticultural commodities, while large plantations dominate palm oil, the country’s leading agricultural export. Small farms also account for about 90% of the coffee and 80% of the rubber production. Private large-scale plantations supply 59% of the palm oil output, followed by small farms whit a 34% share and state-owned plantations with 7.6%, according to Indonesia Investments.

Hydropower was the RES with the highest installed capacity (49.8 GW) in FY2018 – but it is also the one enjoying the lowest growth rates in India. Further, the share of large hydropower installed capacity in total RES installed capacity dropped below 50% for the first time in FY2016 and was around 40% in FY2018. According to the South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers, and People (“SANDRP”), India’s hydropower output fell below 10% of total electricity generation in India for the second time in FY2018. Large hydropower in India is considered a conventional energy source and, as such, does not receive incentives like other RES. Small hydropower projects are eligible for some financial incentives, as they fall within the RES category. According to the Centre for Financial Accountability (“CENFA”), the public sector has a dominant share of 92.5% in India’s hydropower sector.

The Indian insurance sector was hitherto monopolised by the government. Since the insurance sector was liberalised in 2000, the market has seen growing participation from private insurers especially in the general insurance subsector in which private insurers account for the majority of industry-wide gross direct premiums. The Indian insurance sector has shown considerable growth since liberalisation with gross direct premiums collected growing by double digits y/y in almost every year. Nevertheless, insurance penetration and density in India remains lower than most countries in the region. The reach of insurance is especially low in rural areas and in smaller cities largely due to a lack of distributional scale. Nevertheless, this is changing as government policies and technological developments are increasingly growing the reach of insurance throughout the country.

Scheduled commercial banks are regulated by the RBI and are responsible for the majority of deposits collected and loans advanced in India. Compared with many other countries, the Indian government plays an inordinately large role in the banking sector and approximately 63% of all deposits in the banking system at the end of FY2019 were held by public sector banks in which the government owned significant shareholdings. Nevertheless, this market share has been dropping – at the end of FY2011, public sector banks held about 75% of all deposits. Public sector banks have less of an advantage in loans compared with private sector banks, accounting for about 59% of all loans in the banking system in FY2019, and private sector banks are also growing faster than public sector banks and gaining a larger share of the market.

The Czech mobile telephony market is highly concentrated, while the broadband access and fixed-line telephony market is more fragmented. The mobile market concentration is due to the strong presence of major international companies as well as due to the fact that local investment firm PPF has successfully gathered segment players under its umbrella (with takeovers of infrastructure firm CETIN and O2’s mobile operations). Among the most preferred strategies to increase revenues are the offering of bundled packages (combining multiple telecom services) as well as value-added services (VoD, OTT, data transfers). Nevertheless, high mobile subsector concentration results in high prices for data services, which are among the highest in Europe.

In spite of opening its oil and gas sector as early as 2003, as of 2018 Colombia’s national government is still the leading incumbent in the sector, thanks to its 88.49% stake in the dominant player, Ecopetrol. The state-owned company continues to lead the sector across all segments, from the upstream where it is directly responsible for 53.3% of the crude oil produced in the country as of 2018, to the downstream where it owns all the major pipelines through its subsidiary Cenit. The oil and gas sector is composed of more than 50 companies, of which 27 account for 96% of the hydrocarbon production and 70% of the exploratory activities in the country as of end-2018, according to ACP, the Colombian Oil Association.

The mining sector in Colombia is very diverse, including a variety of extraction methods (open pit, alluvium, underground, melting) and scales of operation (traditional, small, medium, and large mining), as well as a myriad of exploited minerals. Around 30 different minerals are extracted in the country, the most important being coal, gold, nickel, iron ore, emeralds, silver, platinum, limestone cement, and salt. Despite recent efforts by ANM and the national government, illegal mining, especially of gold, continues to be a problem. Furthermore, Colombians are still sceptical about the positives that the mining industry can have for their lives and for the economy as a whole, with mayors, judges, and the general public, often rejecting the development of new projects.

The level of competition in Ecuador’s oil and gas sector is low, with two state-run companies – Petroamazonas and Petroecuador – dominating the production of natural gas and oil derivatives, and accounting for the bulk of crude oil output (77.5% in 2018). Nevertheless, the participation of private companies is set to increase, given the liberalisation measures of the administration of president Moreno in order to attract private investment in the domestic oil and gas sector. Among these include the reinstatement of production-sharing contracts for oil and gas exploration in July 2018 and the launch of new bidding rounds for oil and gas blocks.

Colombia’s food and beverage sector offers strong growth opportunities, benefitting from the better macroeconomic conditions in the country, growing disposable incomes, and higher spending by the rising middle class. Market players are looking not only at increasing their gains on the domestic market through diversification and introduction of new products in order to satisfy the emerging sophisticated demands of the population, but also at expanding their operations internationally. The most attractive foreign markets remain the countries from Latin America, but some companies are looking also at countries in Europe, Asia and North America.