Over the past several decades, new scientific tools and approaches for detecting microbial species have dramatically enhanced our appreciation of the diversity and abundance of the microbiota and its dynamic interactions with the environments within which these microorganisms reside. The first bacterial genome2 was sequenced in 1995 and took more than 13 months of work to complete. Today (2012), a microorganisms entire genome can be sequenced in a few days. Much as our view of the cosmos was forever altered in the 17th century with the invention of the telescope (Nee, 2004), these genomic technologies, and the observations derived from them, have fundamentally transformed our appreciation of the microbial world around us.

关键词：基因;基因测序;脱氧核糖核酸基因工程;研究项目;微生物;技术转让;生物质能转换

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关键词：工作流程;科学数据;分布式数据处理;生物医学

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Since the 1980s, the power industry in China has experienced many system reforms. However, no matter how it is evolved, energy conservation and the improvement of end-use power consumption efficiency have never been interrupted. The energy departments, hydraulic and electric engineering departments, power industry departments and the State Economic and Trade Commission which have government functions, the national electricity corporation and power grid enterprises (State Grid Corporation of China and China Southern Power Grid Co., Ltd., etc.) which does not have government functions, as the subjects of social power saving, scientific power consumption, rational power consumption, and demand-side management (DSM) implementation, play important roles in promoting the improvement of overall social power consumption efficiency and the development of DSM work.

关键词：电力；电气工程；需求侧管理；能耗效率

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Demand-side management (DSM) work which is a kind of system engineering is involved with not only many participators like governments, power grid enterprises, power generation enterprises, energy conservation service companies, power users, and others but also many links like the DSM project planning, establishment, design, implementation, post evaluation, etc. Different participators have respective objects and interests; the specialization of every link is comparatively strong and knowledge about multiple aspects such as electric power system, technical economy, environmental protection, law, etc.

关键词：需求侧管理；系统工程；电力系统；节能

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National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) recognizes the risk of on-orbit collisions from other satellites and debris objects and has instituted a process to identify and react to close approaches. The charter of the NASA Robotic Conjunction Assessment Risk Analysis (CARA) task is to protect NASA robotic (unmanned) assets from threats posed by other space objects. Monitoring for potential collisions requires formulating close-approach predictions a week or more in the future to determine analyze, and respond to orbital conjunction events of interest. These predictions require propagation of the latest state vector and covariance assuming a predicted atmospheric density and ballistic coefficient. Any differences between the predicted drag used for propagation and the actual drag experienced by the space objects can potentially affect the conjunction event. Therefore, the space environment itself, in particular how space weather impacts atmospheric drag, is an essential element to understand in order effectively to assess the risk of conjunction events. The focus of this research is to develop a better understanding of the impact of space weather on conjunction assessment activities: both accurately determining the current risk and assessing how that risk may change under dynamic space weather conditions. We are engaged in a data-- mining exercise to corroborate whether or not observed changes in a conjunction event's dynamics appear consistent with space weather changes and are interested in developing a framework to respond appropriately to uncertainty in predicted space weather. In particular, we use historical conjunction event data products to search for dynamical effects on satellite orbits from changing atmospheric drag. Increased drag is expected to lower the satellite specific energy and will result in the satellite's being 'later' than expected, which can affect satellite conjunctions in a number of ways depending on the two satellites' orbits and the geometry of the conjunction. These satellite time offsets can form the basis of a new technique under development to determine whether space weather perturbations, such as coronal mass ejections, are likely to increase, decrease, or have a neutral effect on the collision risk due to a particular close approach.

关键词：风险;空间天气;避免碰撞;航天飞行;航天安全

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The main purpose of the study is to carry out a correlated study of global and seasonal scintillation morphology in the equatorial region using a coincident observation that occurred on 24 Mar 2000 between the irregularity structure observed by ROCSAT-1 and the scintillation experiment carried out at the Ascension Island. The two sets of data were studied separately first, and then compared correlatively for their causal relationship. The results show the reasonable scintillation level at coincident time to indicate a direct relationship between the irregularity structure and the scintillation in both temporal and amplitude variations. Second, since the ionospheric density irregularities are the source of ionospheric radiowave scintillation that affects space communication and navigation, in-depth investigation for the cause of ionospheric irregularities has been carried out. In conclusion, our analysis indicates that the seeding of deep atmospheric convection represented by OLR for the ionospheric irregularity occurrences has not happened as frequently as it was thought.

关键词：电离层闪烁；大气化学；大气科学；通信和广播系统;

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Observations at AMOS and elsewhere suggest that turbulence is sometimes non-isotropic and non-Kolmogorov in nature. Such turbulence can produce different jitter, wavefront error, and scintillation than expected from isotropic Kolmogorov turbulence. These differences can impact the design of sensor systems that must see through this atypical turbulence. Quantitative definitions are provided for anisotropic turbulence and non-Kolmogorov turbulence. Using previously developed analyses and with extensive simulations for a plane wave, corresponding to light from a satellite or star, results are presented that parametrically show how scintillation differs from that of standard Kolmogorov turbulence, under a variety of conditions. Also included are conditions appropriate for observations of sources on Mauna Loa as seen at AMOS.

关键词：大气运动;闪烁;空间物体;各向异性;远距离（距离）

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State-of-the-art spectral analysis of hot stars by means of non-LTE model-atmosphere techniques has arrived at a high level of sophistication. The analysis of high-resolution and high-S/N spectra, however, is strongly restricted by the lack of reliable atomic data for highly ionized species from intermediate-mass metals to trans-iron elements. Especially data for the latter has only been sparsely calculated. Many of their lines are identified in spectra of extremely hot, hydrogen-deficient post-AGB stars. A reliable determination of their abundances establishes crucial constraints for AGB nucleosynthesis simulations and, thus, for stellar evolutionary theory. Aims. In a previous analysis of the UV spectrum of RE 0503-289, spectral lines of highly ionized Ga, Ge, As, Se, Kr, Mo, Sn, Te, I, and Xe were identified. Individual abundance determinations are hampered by the lack of reliable oscillator strengths. Most of these identified lines stem from Ge V. In addition, we identified Ge VI lines for the first time. We calculated Ge V and Ge VI oscillator strengths in order to reproduce the observed spectrum. Methods. We newly calculated Ge V and Ge VI oscillator strengths to consider their radiative and collisional bound-bound transitions in detail in our non-LTE stellar-atmosphere models for the analysis of the Ge IV-VI spectrum exhibited in high-resolution and high-S/N FUV (FUSE) and UV (ORFEUS/BEFS, IUE) observations of RE 0503-289. Results. In the UV spectrum of RE 0503-289, we identify four Ge IV, 37 Ge V, and seven Ge VI lines. Most of these lines are identified for the first time in any star. We can reproduce almost all Ge IV, GeV, and Ge VI lines in the observed spectrum of RE 0503-289 (T(sub eff) = 70 kK, log g = 7.5) at log Ge = -3.8 +/- 0.3 (mass fraction, about 650 times solar). The Ge IV/V/VI ionization equilibrium, that is a very sensitive T(sub eff) indicator, is reproduced well. Conclusions. Reliable measurements and calculations of atomic data are a prerequisite for stellar-atmosphere modeling. Our oscillator-strength calculations have allowed, for the first time, Ge V and Ge VI lines to be successfully reproduced in a white dwarf's (RE 0503-289) spectrum and to determine its photospheric Ge abundance.

关键词：炽热的恒星；局部热力学平衡；高分辨率；频谱分析

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The suitport concept has been recently implemented as part of the small pressurized lunar rover (Currently the Space Exploration vehicle, or SEV) and the Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle (MMSEV) concept demonstrator vehicle. Suitport replaces or augments the traditional airlock function of a spacecraft by providing a bulkhead opening, capture mechanism, and sealing system to allow ingress and egress of a space suit while the space suit remains outside of the pressurized volume of the spacecraft. This presents significant new opportunities to EVA exploration in both microgravity and surface environments. The suitport concept will enable three main improvements in EVA by providing reductions in: pre-EVA time from hours to less than thirty minutes; airlock consumables; contamination returned to the cabin with the EVA crewmember. Two second generation suitports were designed and tested. The previously reported second generation Marman Clamp suitport and a newer concept, the Pneumatic Flipper Suitport. These second generation suitports demonstrated human donning and doffing of the Z1 spacesuit with an 8.3 psi pressure differential across the spacesuit. Testing was performed using the JSC B32 Chamber B, a human rated vacuum chamber. The test included human rated suitports, the suitport compatible prototype suit, and chamber modifications. This test brought these three elements together in the first ever pressurized donning of a rear entry suit through a suitport. This paper presents the results of the testing, including unexpected difficulties with doffing, and engineering solutions implemented to ease the difficulties. A review of suitport functions, including a discussion of the need to doff a pressurized suit in earth gravity, is included.

关键词：航天服;夹;舱壁；人因工程；舱外活动；气闸模块

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To gain computational efficiency, a split explicit time integration scheme has been implemented in the CAM spectral Eulerian dynamical core. In this scheme, already present in other dynamical core options within the Community Atmosphere Model, version 4 (CAM), the fluid dynamics portion of the model is subcycled to allow a longer time step for the parameterization schemes. The physics parameterization of CAM is not subject to the stability restrictions of the fluid dynamics, and thus finer spatial resolutions of the model do not require the physics time step to be reduced. A brief outline of the subcycling algorithm implementation and resulting model efficiency improvement is presented. A discussion regarding the effect of the climate statistics derived from short model runs is provided.

关键词：大气模型;气候;算法;流体动力学

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