The LRT system in Denver, Colorado, connects the downtown with neighborhoods to the North, but primarily stretches southwards, travelling in existing transportation corridors carrying freeways and a heavy rail system. Outside of the downtown areas, the siting of the LRT system alongside the rigid infrastructure that comprises the heavy rail system and the freeway systems severely inhibits pedestrian accessibility to the transit system. To help further understand how the level of accessibility varies across the system, a systematic pedestrian level-of-service index for each station within the system was created that takes into account the formal, as well as informal street networks. This inaccessibility is highly likely to limit the potential that this system may have to generate development near station located that is fully integrated with the LRT system. Primary data collected by surveying households across the metropolitan area revealed very little difference between car ownership rates and weekly VMT of survey respondents living within 12- mile of an LRT station and elsewhere in the metropolitan area. Differentiating between those station areas that were Park-and-Ride (that is, had a park-and-ride lot) versus Walk-and-Ride showed a more nuanced picture. Residents who live in Walk-and-Ride stations do have have lower VMT than those who live in Park-and-Ride station areas and those who do not live near an LRT station. This reinforces the fact that development needs to be more fully integrated with the LRT system in order to achieve some intended goals such as less dependence on automobiles.

关键词：汽车；交互；潜在贡献

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关键词：汽车；情绪调节；交通安全

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Hybrids, plug-in hybrids, and battery electrics are conservatively estimated to reach a 5 percent national car park by 2030. Drastic increases in the price of gasoline resulting from oil shocks or major shifts in national energy and environmental policy, however, may push Electric Vehicles (EV) quickly beyond this small share. Should such critical changes occur, EVs will be poised to move beyond their current niche to gain wider scale acceptance and integration into transportation and energy infrastructure. EV battery technology has not improved to the degree needed to achieve the same range mobility as conventionally fueled vehicles. Electric powertrain hybridization and incorporation of regenerative systems such as braking and flywheels are steadily, but only incrementally, improving EV fuel efficiency and range performance. New Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations in the next decade may drive the light-weighting or downsizing of some vehicle categories to achieve more aggressive fuel economy requirements, especially absent a breakthrough in vehicle battery technology. Light-weighting for battery electrics may be critical. Studies indicate that if primary vehicle mass is reduced between 40-59 percent, battery size and cost may be cut by nearly half without reductions in performance.

关键词：汽车；安全；智能交通

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The objectives of this report are to quantify existing acoustical conditions in Vicksburg National Military Park (VICK) and provide results that can be used for park management and planning. Multiple external sound sources currently impact the soundscape of VICK, including Interstate 20, U.S. Highway 61, Kansas City Southern Railroad, Yazoo Diversion Canal (shipping traffic), and a harbor industrial complex. Inside the park, buses, RVs, motorcycles, and cars create noise along the 16-mile tour road and especially at the Visitor Center and U.S.S. Cairo parking areas. Mississippi Department of Transportation (MDOT) is planning to widen a section of I-20 immediately adjacent to the parks southeast border. MDOT has contracted out the noise analysis for this construction project to Neel-Schaffer, Inc. The company uses 15-minute point measurements and TNM modeling to quantify impacts, but park staff requested more detailed sound monitoring by the Natural Sounds and Night Skies Division.

关键词：汽车；交通安全；沟通系统

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Existing research has identified transportation challenges that low-income workers face, including a spatial mismatch between suburban entry level-jobs and urban low-income workers. These studies rely on travel models and secondary data and thus may not capture the temporal or other constraints that low-income workers experience. To better understand mobility patterns and accessibility as experienced, this analysis considers commute choices and perceptions of accessibility. Findings are based on open-ended surveys with 50 low-income workers in New Orleans and its inner suburbs. According to a sizable share of respondents (40%), transportation problems do not preclude applying to jobs. Black and centrally located respondents most commonly did not perceive transportation as a limitation to job opportunities. On the other hand, many respondents did describe an inability to get to suburban job opportunities. Even when missed job opportunities were not reported, almost all respondents cited transportation problems for some locations or activities, especially shopping. Losing a functional automobile was a common reason to change commute mode after Hurricane Katrina, indicating that low-income workers may shift in and out of car ownership, as well change home and job locations. A few respondents mostly active mode users were highly satisfied with their journey to work. Interviewees most commonly desired increased frequency and reliability as critical transit improvements. The mixed findings on perceived job accessibility demonstrate the need to better integrate transportation and workforce research and policy. In addition, more transportation research work on perceptions and actual challenges is needed, including the role of time in workplace demands and physical accessibility. Finally, given dynamic auto ownership status, jobs, and residential patterns, longitudinal study is needed.

关键词：汽车；经验；安全

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This report discusses light-vehicle crash countermeasure profiles and functions for five target pre-crash scenario groups based on vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications. Target pre-crash scenario groups include rear-end, lane change, opposite direction, junction crossing, and left turn across path from opposite direction (LTAP/OD) crashes involving at least one light vehicle (e.g., passenger car, van, minivan, sport utility vehicle, or light pickup truck with a gross vehicle weight rating of 10,000 pounds or less). There are 10 pre-crash scenarios in these groups to be addressed by V2V-based crash countermeasures. Kinematic equations are presented for the time-to-collision and avoidance maneuvers to identify information needs for these crash countermeasures. Information needs are translated into countermeasure functional requirements based on relevant safety applications devised in two prior research projects dealing with cooperative V2V communications and autonomous vehicle-based sensing systems. This report identifies two target pre-crash scenarios that would require new safety applications not developed in prior projects, including the LTAP/OD and opposite direction/no vehicle maneuver pre-crash scenarios.

关键词：汽车；安全；避免碰撞

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From 2008 to 2010, an estimated 194,000 highway vehicle fires occurred in the United States each year resulting in an annual average of approximately 300 deaths, 1,250 injuries and $1.1 billion in property loss. These highway vehicle fires accounted for 14 percent of fires responded to by fire departments across the nation. Highway vehicle fires include fires in passenger road vehicles (e.g., cars, motorcycles and off-road recreational vehicles), freight road transport vehicles (e.g., dump trucks, fire apparatus and tank trucks), and agricultural and construction vehicles. This topical report addresses the characteristics of highway vehicle fires reported to the National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) from 2008 to 2010.

关键词：汽车；高速公路；交通安全

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关键词：汽车；轻型汽车技术；二氧化碳排放

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Catalytic converters (CATCONs) are required by Federal law to be installed in nearly all gasoline- and diesel-fueled onroad vehicles used in the United States. About 85 percent of the light-duty vehicles and trucks manufactured worldwide are equipped with CATCONs (Ashok Kumar, Director, A1 Specialized Services & Supplies, Inc., written commun. July 10, 2012). These vehicles include buses, cars, light- and heavy-duty trucks, and motorcycles. Many offroad vehicles, such as trail bikes and all-terrain recreational vehicles, are also equipped with CATCONs, but offroad vehicles are not addressed in this paper (Manufacturers of Emission Controls Association, 2008). Portions of the CATCONs (called monoliths) are recycled for their platinum-group metal (PGM) content and for the value of the stainless steel they contain. The cerium contained in the monoliths, however, is disposed of along with the slag produced from the recycling process. Although there is some smelter capacity in the United States to treat the monoliths in order to recover the PGMs, a great percentage of monoliths is exported to Europe and South Africa for recycling, and a lesser amount is exported to Japan. There is presently no commercial-scale capacity in place domestically to recover cerium from the monoliths. Recycling of cerium or cerium compounds from the monoliths could help ensure against possible global supply shortages by increasing the amount that is available in the supply chain as well as the number and geographic distribution of the suppliers. It could also reduce the amount of material that goes into landfills.

关键词：汽车；催化转换器；铈元素

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Increased use of public transportation is an effective means of decreasing roadway congestion and its associated externalities. To increase the use of public transportation under economic and resource constraints, it is important to improve the understanding of public transportation supply characteristics and demand behavior and make use of this understanding to improve planning and operations functions. Analyzing and interpreting in situ public transportation conditions that are readily accessible and observable can greatly improve this understanding. Project investigators previously worked with The Ohio State University (OSU) Campus Area Bus Service (CABS) and a private technology provider to equip the CABS network with state-of-the-art sensing, communications, and passenger information systems that are presently used to provide realtime bus arrival information to CABS users and ridership and location information to CABS operators and planners.

关键词：公共汽车；校园区巴士服务；通信；交通网络

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