关键词：汽车；情绪调节；交通安全

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Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) is becoming one of the most popular transit services in the United States. BRT is a viable option for many cities and can offer commuters travel times comparable to those experienced in private cars. With about 100 miles of BRT service scheduled for deployment in future years, Utah Transit Authority (UTA) for the first time is facing questions related to BRT service. How will the service interact with private traffic. Will passengers accept unfamiliar features of the new service. We looked at the new BRT deployment in West Valley City, Salt Lake County, UT. Lacking BRT operational data from the field, but with a need to estimate operational challenges before the actual implementation, we used estimates generated from a microsimulation model. In addition, a series of surveys were conducted to gain feedback from the users of the BRT system. Results from the microsimulation runs show that the new BRT line leads to significant improvements of transit operations, with reductions of close to 20% in travel times and 40% in dwell times. An additional transit signal priority (TSP) feature is estimated to reduce travel times another 15%. The results showed that TSP has minor negative impact on side-street traffic and no impact or minor positive impact on main traffic. Results from the survey's show a high degree of acceptance of the new MAX buses among passengers and drivers. In short, the first BRT system in Utah can be qualified as another success story for the BRT systems in the United States.

关键词：汽车；环境保护；高速公路

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This report discusses light-vehicle crash countermeasure profiles and functions for five target pre-crash scenario groups based on vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications. Target pre-crash scenario groups include rear-end, lane change, opposite direction, junction crossing, and left turn across path from opposite direction (LTAP/OD) crashes involving at least one light vehicle (e.g., passenger car, van, minivan, sport utility vehicle, or light pickup truck with a gross vehicle weight rating of 10,000 pounds or less). There are 10 pre-crash scenarios in these groups to be addressed by V2V-based crash countermeasures. Kinematic equations are presented for the time-to-collision and avoidance maneuvers to identify information needs for these crash countermeasures. Information needs are translated into countermeasure functional requirements based on relevant safety applications devised in two prior research projects dealing with cooperative V2V communications and autonomous vehicle-based sensing systems. This report identifies two target pre-crash scenarios that would require new safety applications not developed in prior projects, including the LTAP/OD and opposite direction/no vehicle maneuver pre-crash scenarios.

关键词：汽车；安全；避免碰撞

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In this project, we developed an innovative methodology to solve a long-standing traffic engineering problem, i.e. measuring traffic speed using data from single inductive loop detectors. Traditionally, traffic speeds are estimated using aggregated detector data with a manually calibrated effective vehicle length. The calibration effort (usually through running probe vehicles), however, is time consuming and costly. Instead of using aggregated data, in this project, our data collection system records every vehicle-detector actuation 'event' so that for each vehicle we can identify the time gap and the detector occupation time. With such high-resolution 'event-based' data, we devised a method to differentiate regular cars with longer vehicles. The proposed method is based on the observation that longer vehicles will have longer detector occupation time. Therefore, we can identify longer vehicles by detecting the changes of occupation time in a vehicle platoon. The 'event-based' detector data can be obtained through the implementation of the SMART-Signal (Systematic Monitoring of Arterial Road Traffic Signals) system, which was developed by the principal investigator and his students in the last five years. The method is tested using the data from Trunk Highway 55, which is a high-speed arterial corridor controlled by coordinated traffic signals. The result shows that the proposed method can correctly identify most of the vehicles passing by inductive loop detectors. The identification of long vehicles will improve the estimation of effective vehicle length on roads. Consequently, speed estimation from the inductive loop detector is improved.

关键词：汽车；高速公路；速度

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When the quality of service (QoS) of an unmanned air vehicle's (UAV) communications link is poor, and the UAV is tracking a moving target, a trade- off exists between the fidelity and timeliness of information provided from the vehicle to an operator. The authors' 2011 ICCRTS paper showed that an optimal representation scheme for transmitting information from UAV to operator can be found by using information theory. This paper extends that work by introducing an adaptive, autonomous UAV command and control system that autonomously changes the fidelity of information communicated to an operator in response to variances in communications QoS. Results and analysis of hardware-in-the-loop experiments using a UAV that is tracking a moving car are presented. The paper also examines the impact of information decay and network performance on both human tele-operation and on-board autonomous control, comparing the relative performance of tele-operation and autonomy as a function of entropic drag, which is a measurement, in information theory 'bits,' of the rate at which information is lost due to unpredictable changes in the environment. In the experiments described in this paper, entropic drag is produced by the movement of the vehicle being tracked.

关键词：汽车；空气系统；大气污染

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Existing research has identified transportation challenges that low-income workers face, including a spatial mismatch between suburban entry level-jobs and urban low-income workers. These studies rely on travel models and secondary data and thus may not capture the temporal or other constraints that low-income workers experience. To better understand mobility patterns and accessibility as experienced, this analysis considers commute choices and perceptions of accessibility. Findings are based on open-ended surveys with 50 low-income workers in New Orleans and its inner suburbs. According to a sizable share of respondents (40%), transportation problems do not preclude applying to jobs. Black and centrally located respondents most commonly did not perceive transportation as a limitation to job opportunities. On the other hand, many respondents did describe an inability to get to suburban job opportunities. Even when missed job opportunities were not reported, almost all respondents cited transportation problems for some locations or activities, especially shopping. Losing a functional automobile was a common reason to change commute mode after Hurricane Katrina, indicating that low-income workers may shift in and out of car ownership, as well change home and job locations. A few respondents mostly active mode users were highly satisfied with their journey to work. Interviewees most commonly desired increased frequency and reliability as critical transit improvements. The mixed findings on perceived job accessibility demonstrate the need to better integrate transportation and workforce research and policy. In addition, more transportation research work on perceptions and actual challenges is needed, including the role of time in workplace demands and physical accessibility. Finally, given dynamic auto ownership status, jobs, and residential patterns, longitudinal study is needed.

关键词：汽车；经验；安全

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Increased use of public transportation is an effective means of decreasing roadway congestion and its associated externalities. To increase the use of public transportation under economic and resource constraints, it is important to improve the understanding of public transportation supply characteristics and demand behavior and make use of this understanding to improve planning and operations functions. Analyzing and interpreting in situ public transportation conditions that are readily accessible and observable can greatly improve this understanding. Project investigators previously worked with The Ohio State University (OSU) Campus Area Bus Service (CABS) and a private technology provider to equip the CABS network with state-of-the-art sensing, communications, and passenger information systems that are presently used to provide realtime bus arrival information to CABS users and ridership and location information to CABS operators and planners.

关键词：公共汽车；校园区巴士服务；通信；交通网络

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Alternative fuels have the potential to provide significant economic and environmental benefits to airports and their communities. These fuels can lead to improvements in local air quality emissions and reductions in life-cycle greenhouse gases. In addition, alternative fuels offer the possibility to diversify away from imported conventional petroleum-derived fuels and enhance energy security. Furthermore, alternative fuel distribution programs offer airports additional business opportunities to generate revenue through the operation of such facilities or leasing of land to third-party operators. Airports are natural nodes for multi-modal demand and are ideally situated to become distribution centers for a variety of alternative fuels for aircraft and surface transportation. Producers and marketers of alternative fuels can take advantage of this concentrated demand to strengthen their business case as they can cater to a wide spectrum of potential clients, including airlines, airports, and third-party operators such as rental car facilities, courtesy shuttles, taxis, buses, freight trucks, and other fleets that may operate nearby. This is especially the case for facilities that produce alternative jet fuel because, in addition to jet fuel, they also produce co-products such as green diesel, which can be used by some passenger and most cargo vehicles.

关键词：汽车；替代燃料；能源

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关键词：汽车；轻型汽车技术；二氧化碳排放

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The goal of this proposal is to develop novel modeling techniques to infer individual activity patterns from the large scale cell phone datasets and taxi data from NYC. As such this research offers a paradigm shift from traditional transportation modeling by using large scale, disaggregate data and provides an unique perspective to understand the complex interactions among human behavior, urban environments and traffic patterns. Urban development shapes the transportation systems, it determines what kind of transportation system a city has, and what does it look like. As an important dynamic component in urban systems, activities of transportation systems in turn captures the dynamics of the entire urban systems and enhance of our knowledge about the complex urban systems. This will ultimately contribute to the improvement of level of service and policy making on transportation systems. Taxi as a transportation tool has its unique characteristics. It is capable of capturing urban movement patterns both spatially and temporally since they serve as real time probes in the network. Moreover, we are able to examine the pulse of the city, the gap between supply and demand, real time road congestions and even more. On the other hand, accurate estimation and prediction of urban link travel times are important for improving urban traffic operations and identifying key bottlenecks in the traffic network.

关键词：汽车；大规模数据集；GPS

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