This project, ACRP Project 11-03, Synthesis of Information Related to Airport Practices, searches out and synthesizes useful knowledge from all available sources and prepares concise, documented reports on specific topics. Reports from this endeavor constitute an ACRP report series, Synthesis of Airport Practice. This synthesis series reports on current knowledge and practice, in a compact format, without the detailed directions usually found in handbooks or design manuals. Each report in the series provides a compendium of the best knowledge available on those measures found to be the most successful in resolving specific problems.

关键词：电池；电动汽车；环保能源

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In August 2012, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) announced the final standard governing new-vehicle fuel economy for model years 2017 through 2025. The new standard maintains the current system of incremental increases in Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) requirements for new light-duty vehicles each model year, based on targeted decreases averaging approximately 5% per year in CO2 output per mile. This report compares the recent improvements in fuel economy with the projected CAFE performance levels anticipated by NHTSA. Recent trends in CAFE performance, when compared with the performance levels projected to be achieved by NHTSA, indicate that achieved CAFE performance has exceeded these anticipated levels for 2012 and 2013 model years--the two years that the current standard has been in effect. Additionally, achieved CAFE performance has consistently increased annually from model year 2008 through model year 2013. If the current trends in annual improvements continue, future CAFE performance is expected to continue meeting or exceeding the projected performance levels (and desired greenhouse gas reductions) contained in the latest CAFE standards.

关键词：大气；空气污染；空气健康

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The E-latch is a new automotive mechatronic device that substitutes the door closure mechanical system with electro-actuated parts plus an embedded electronic control unit (ECU) connected to the main vehicle network. Due to severe automotive safety-critical requirements for door closure, an energy back-up system is required. A solution based on supercaps and boost converter is proposed in this work to ensure E-latch operation even in case of main battery failure. An in-depth thermal, electrical and durability characterization of the supercaps proves the reliability of the energy back-up unit for automotive applications. A Components Off the Shelf (COTS) approach has been followed for the E-latch prototype and test phases. A migration towards an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) design approach is envisaged for future large volume production.

关键词：机械系统；电致动零件；集成电路

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Present day consumers have wide variety of demands and needs leads to increased complexity in automobiles. The price war and high quality, imposes the automobile manufacturers to have flexible design with zero defects in a highly competitive market. Unlike other industry, the quality of automobile depends on parts (manufactured and supplied by third party supplier) used and on the assembling the vehicle. To achieve the high quality that is demanded by the customers, manufacturers and their suppliers must rely on Machine Vision to prevent defects at multiple stages of production. Machine Vision can be used to inspect the quality of automobile parts, pick and place using robots, assembly line (inspection before, after and placement verification), to find missing parts, completeness, welding and painting guiding on finished automotive bodies. In addition to this, Machine Vision is also used for parts traceability decoded by reading OCR, data matrix and barcode. Different automobiles can have different quality of parts depending on price range. Machine Vision can also be used to classify automotive parts based on the required quality using measurements. This publication explains the basics of machine vision and explore the solutions that can be used in automobile industry at different stages of production.

关键词：图片来源；X射线图像；数学形态学；图像处理

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The charging station of battery replaceable EV is used as measures for voltage control for a distribution network with large penetration of PVs. Stochastic optimal operation method of the charging station which maintains voltage of a distribution network and can replace batteries is studied. In addition, the battery usage fee is evaluated to get incentive to both EV users and the charging station to demonstrate usefulness of battery replaceable EV.

关键词：光伏；分销网络；电压控制

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We summarize results from comparative simulations of hybrid electric vehicles with either stoichiometric gasoline or diesel engines. Our simulations utilize previously published models of transient engine-out emissions and models of aftertreatment devices.

关键词：大气；废气排放；节能减排

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This project, CRC E-90-2b, was conducted by Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) in order to assess the impact of E10+ blends on MIL illumination and exhaust emissions compliance. The original objectives of this study were to: (1) Document the change in fuel trim and other engine parameters as vehicles operate on a range of ethanol fuels under real-world conditions. (2) Determine if the MIL would illuminate and/or diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs) would be set on potentially sensitive vehicles when exposed to E15 and/or E20. (3) Determine if a vehicle with an illuminated MIL induced by E15 or E20 still meets its emission category target, using a standard cold-start FTP-75 test.

关键词：大气；燃料气体；废气排放

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In China, motor vehicle emissions have been identified as the major source of urban air pollution. Thus, estimation of emissions and their impact on air quality is necessary. Vehicle emissions vary strongly with region and depend on local vehicle operation and emission performance. This paper uses the MOVES (Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator) model, released by the US. Environmental Protection Agency, for the estimation of vehicle emission factors in Shanghai, China. To achieve a convincing emission result, vehicle operation is extracted from massive taxi Global Positioning System (GPS) data, and the emission inventory from MOVES is revised according to China's vehicle emission standards. In addition, deterioration factors are calculated on the basis of vehicle condition. Comprehensive emission factors are generated for Shanghai light-duty vehicles at various average speed levels. The results indicate that emission factors for hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen of in-use light vehicles in China are 0.1 to 0.25 g/km, 4 to 7 g/km, and 0.4 to 0.8 g/km, respectively. These amounts are 15, 1.9, and 5.9 times higher than those in the United States, respectively. By 2012, the Environmental Protection Bureau had established 10 monitoring sites in Shanghai and released data for real-tune concentrations of particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter, particulate matter less than 10 μm in diameter, nitrogen dioxide (NO_2), and sulfur dioxide to the public. On the basis of the new release of data, a field study estimating near-road air quality was conducted with MOVES and the air dispersion model AERMOD. The concentration result shows that the accuracy of near-road NO_2 estimation is improved with taxi GPS data and the revised MOVES emission inventory. The study explores the extended application of MOVES by offering a procedure for applying MOVES in non-U.S. regions.

关键词：大气；空气污染；出租车

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Catalytic converters (CATCONs) are required by Federal law to be installed in nearly all gasoline- and diesel-fueled onroad vehicles used in the United States. About 85 percent of the light-duty vehicles and trucks manufactured worldwide are equipped with CATCONs (Ashok Kumar, Director, A1 Specialized Services & Supplies, Inc., written commun. July 10, 2012). These vehicles include buses, cars, light- and heavy-duty trucks, and motorcycles. Many offroad vehicles, such as trail bikes and all-terrain recreational vehicles, are also equipped with CATCONs, but offroad vehicles are not addressed in this paper (Manufacturers of Emission Controls Association, 2008). Portions of the CATCONs (called monoliths) are recycled for their platinum-group metal (PGM) content and for the value of the stainless steel they contain. The cerium contained in the monoliths, however, is disposed of along with the slag produced from the recycling process. Although there is some smelter capacity in the United States to treat the monoliths in order to recover the PGMs, a great percentage of monoliths is exported to Europe and South Africa for recycling, and a lesser amount is exported to Japan. There is presently no commercial-scale capacity in place domestically to recover cerium from the monoliths. Recycling of cerium or cerium compounds from the monoliths could help ensure against possible global supply shortages by increasing the amount that is available in the supply chain as well as the number and geographic distribution of the suppliers. It could also reduce the amount of material that goes into landfills.

关键词：大气；稀有气体；空气污染

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No abstract available.

关键词：替代能源；替代燃料的资格；汽车燃料

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