CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) and Cas (CRISPR-associated) genes form part of a bacterial immune system that protects against viruses and foreign genetic elements. CRISPR refers to sequences of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that contain short, repetitive segments, which bacteria use to store snippets of viral DNA after an infection. If the bacteria encounter the same virus again, they can recognize it based on these stored sequences. Cas genes encode proteins (like Cas9) that act as molecular scissors. These proteins can cut DNA at specific sites guided by RNA molecules (gRNA), which are transcribed from the CRISPR sequences. This mechanism allows precise gene editing and has revolutionized genetic research, enabling scientists to alter DNA in plants, animals and humans with high accuracy